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Class overview
Builders:	Severodvinsk and Kmsomolsk
Operators:	Soviet Navy
Preceded by:	Hotel class submarine
Followed by:	Delta class submarine
Ships in class:	34
Ships active:	K-137 Leninets, K-140, K-26, K-32, K-216, K-207, K-210, K-249, K-253, K-395, K-408, K-411, K-418, K-420, K-423, K-426, K-415, K-403, K-205, K-245, K-219, K-228, K-241, K-444, K-399, K-434, K-236, K-389, K-252, K-258, K-446, K-451, K-436, K-430
Ships out of service:	34
Ships sunk:	1
General characteristics
Displacement:	Surfaced:7700tons Submerged:9300tons
Length:	132 m (433ft)
Beam:	11.6 m (38 ft 1 in)
Draught:	8 m (26 ft 4 in)
Propulsion and power:	two pressurized water cooled reactors powring four steam turbines driving two shafts.
Speed:	Surfaced:13 knots (24 km/h) Submerged:27 knots (50 km/h)
Range:	unlimited exceot by food
Complement:	120
Armament:	Yankee 1: 16 launch tubes for R-27 (SS-N-6 Serb) SLBM's, four 533 mm (21in) and two 400 mm (15.7in) torpedo tubes. Yankee 2: The same as the Yankee 1 except 12 launch tubes for R-31 (SS-N-17 Snipe) SLBM's.

The Yankee class is the general NATO classification for a type of nuclear-powered submarine that was originally constructed by the Soviet Union from 1968 onward. In the USSR, they were produced under Project 667. The 24 built at Severodvinsk for the Northern Fleet were known as the Navaga (after the navaga fish) class, while the remaining 10 built in Komsomolsk-na-Amur for the Pacific Fleet were the Nalim ("burbot") class. Though K-137 Leninets was the first Navaga to enter service, Soviet (and Russian) ship classes are not named for their "lead ships."

Contents 1 Service 2 Variants 3 General characteristics (Yankee I) 4 Yankees in Fiction 5 Popular Culture 6 References

The Yankees were the first class of Soviet subs to have comparable ballistic missile firepower to their American counterparts. Yankee subs were quieter than their Hotel-class predecessors (but still louder than NATO submarines) and had smoother lines that improved their submerged performance. The ships were armed with 16 ballistic missiles during the Cold War, and served in the Soviet front lines: in the 1970s up to three Yankees were continually stationed in a "patrol box" east of Bermuda.^[1] Their forward deployment was seen as a balance against the presence of American and NATO nuclear weapons in Western Europe.

One ship of the class, K-219, was lost on October 6, 1986 after an explosion and fire on board. The ship had been near Bermuda, and was scuttled after attempts at towing. Four crewmen died before rescue arrived. At least one other ship in the class was involved in a collision with an American submarine. As a result of the SALT I and START I/II treaties, most boats of the Yankee-class have been decommissioned and/or disarmed.

There were seven different versions of the Yankee subs (most of which are no longer in service):

• Yankee I (Project 667A): The baseline configuration, these were ballistic missile submarines that first saw service in 1968; 34 were built. The subs carried 16 SS-N-6 missiles, had 6 torpedo tubes, and carried 18 Type 53 torpedoes. They were the first Soviet SSBNs to carry their ballistic missiles within the hull (as opposed to the sail).

• Yankee II (Project 667AM/Navaga M-class): A single-ship class, this was a Yankee I submarine (K-140) converted to carry 12 SS-N-17 missiles, which was the Red Fleet's first solid-fuelled SLBM. The existence of this individual prototype led to several theories about the Yankee II having a unique role in the Soviet arsenal that justified maintaining a single ship with such a unique weapon. One theory suggested that it was designed to perform an emergency satellite-launching function. Subsequently, it was proposed that the SS-N-17 may have had a retargeting capability to allow strikes on aircraft carrier battle groups.

• Yankee Notch (Project 667AT/Grosha-class): This conversion subs were attack submarines that first appeared in 1983; six Yankee I boats were rebuilt to this configuration. They incorporated a "notch waisted" center section, which replaced the old ballistic missile compartment, that featured 8 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes for up to 40 SS-N-21 missiles or additional torpedoes. The forward torpedo tubes were retained as well, with some reports suggesting that the vessels may have also been able to fire 26.5-inch (650 mm) Type 65 torpedoes. The emphasis on additional SS-N-21 missile carriage suggested a tactical role for these submarines, or as second-strike nuclear submarines. Their configuration was a combination of SALT treaty limitations (which affected SLBMs but not cruise missiles) and a typical Soviet unwillingness to completely discard any military hardware that might still have some use. The conversion increased the overall length by 39.4 feet (12 m) to 464.2 feet (141.5 m), with a displacement of up to 11,500 tons submerged. While classed as SSNs (attack subs), these boats might also be considered SSGNs by virtue of their heavy missile armament.
• Yankee Sidecar (Project 667AM/Andromeda-class) Also known as Yankee SSGN, this was another single-ship (in this case K-420) class, converted into a cruise missile submarine. It appeared in 1983, carrying 12 SS-NX-24 nuclear-tipped cruise missiles instead of the original ballistic missiles. The SS-NX-24 was an experimental cruise missile, with a supersonic flight regime and twin nuclear warheads. It was meant as a tri-service strategic weapon, and thus would have filled a rather different role than the tactically-oriented Oscar-class SSGNs of the same era. In the end, the missile was not adopted, and the K-420 became a weapon system without a weapon. It was fully 13,650 tons displacement (dived), and was even longer than the Yankee Notch to accommodate the massive cruise missiles; it was 501.8 feet (153 m) in overall length, according to Jane's.
• Yankee SSN 16 of this type were converted from the basic Yankee I specification. Some were not completely converted, although they cannot carry ballistic missiles, so they were called Yankee SSNX. They retained only their forward torpedo tubes, with the central missile sections having been removed. Some are being scrapped.
• Yankee Pod (Project 09774) The Yankee Pod (also known as the Yankee SSAN is a converted trials submarine for sonar equipment, with the namesake pod mounted atop the rudder (a la Victor III-class SSNs. It had other sensor systems incorporated as well, notably alongside the sail.
• Yankee Stretch (Project 09780) The Yankee Stretch, K-411, conversion is a "mothership" for Paltus-class mini-submarines. It is fully 525 feet (160 m) in length, making it the largest of the Yankee conversions. Like the Yankee Pod, it lacked missile armament. Its mission was believed to be a combination of oceanographic research, search and rescue, and underwater intelligence-gathering.^[2]

• Length: 128.0 m (420 ft)
• Beam: 11.7 m (38 ft)
• Draught: 9 m (29 ft)
• Displacement: 7,760/11,500 tonnes surfaced/dived
• Speed: 28 knots (52 km/h)
• Power plant: 2 VM-4 reactors
• Hull: Low magnetic steel
• Crew: 114
• Compartments: 10
• Armament:
  • 6 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes for 18 Type 53 torpedoes or mines.
  • 16 SS-N-6 liquid-fueled ballistic missiles

In the Tom Clancy book "The Hunt for Red October", Yankee-class submarines, along with the rest of the Soviet SSBN fleet, return to their home ports to avoid provoking the United States during the frantic search for the Red October.

In another Tom Clancy novel, "Red Storm Rising", the Soviet Union begins decommisioning its fleet of Yankee-class submarines in an attempt to convince the United States of Russian sincerity in lessening tensions between the two superpowers.

During an October 1986 episode of Saturday Night Live, Weekend Update "anchor" Dennis Miller referred to the K-219 (which had recently sunk near Bermuda) as the "Chernobyl Breeze" and suggested it had been the Soviet Union's intended entry into the America's Cup yacht race.

• National Geographic: Yankee class accessed March 14, 2004.
• NATO Code Names for Submarines and Ships accessed March 14, 2004.
• Federation of American Scientists: Yankee class accessed June 11, 2006.
• Bellona Report: Project 667 A (Nalim, Navaga) - Yankee Class accessed June 11, 2006.
• World Navies Today: Russian Submarines accessed June 11, 2006.
• Jane's Fighting Ships of the World, 1994.