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Wakhi language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Wakhi x̌ik zik |
||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Afghanistan (9,600), China (6,000), Pakistan (9,100), Tajikistan (7,000) | |
| Total speakers: | approximately 31,700 | |
| Language family: | Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Eastern Iranian Southeastern Iranian Pamir Wakhi |
|
| Writing system: | Arabic, Cyrillic, Latin | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | -- | |
| ISO 639-2: | -- | |
| ISO 639-3: | wbl | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key. | ||
Wakhi is an Iranian language in the subranch of Southeastern Iranian languages (see Pamir languages).
Contents |
The Wakhi are of several languages that belong to the Pamir language group. A reflection of this is the fact that the Wakhi are occasional called Pamiris or Mountain Tajiks. The origin of this language is Wakhan, an area divided between in the extreme northeast of Afghanistan and Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province in Tajikistan. A very rough estimate of the population of Wakhi Tajiks is 50,000 worldwide. The Wakhi live in four different countries. In the northern areas of Pakistan the Wakhi people mainly live in Gojal, Ishkoman, Darkut, and Broghol. They also live in many parts of Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and China. The religion of the Wakhi is Shia Ismaili Islam; they are followers of Aga Khan IV.
There is some controversy surrounding the ethnic and linguistic designation of the Wakhi. In Tajikistan the Wakhi and other communities that speak one of the Pamir languages refer to themselves as Pamiri or Badakhshani and there has been a movement to separate their identity from that of the majority Tajiks. Conversely, in Pakistan the Wakhi refer to themselves as Tajiks. Whether Wakhi is a separate language from Tajik or a dialect of Tajik has been equally controversial. Linguists universally refer to Wakhi as an Iranian language independent of Tajik, but many Tajik nationalists insist that Wakhi and other Pamir languages are actually dialects of Tajik.[1]
In Pakistan, the central organization of the Wakhi is the Wakhi Tajik Cultural Association Pakistan (WTCA), an organization that is registered with the Government of Pakistan and which works with the collaboration of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and Lok Virsa Pakistan. The Association is working for the preservation of the Wakhi Tajiki language and culture, as well as documenting their poetry and music. The literacy rate among Wakhi Tajiks in the northern areas of Pakistan is about 60%.
Radio Pakistan Gilgit relays the Wakhi radio programme "Sadaye Baamy Dunya", the voice of the roof of the world. The Wakhi Tajik Cultural Association has arranged more than twenty programmes since 1984, which includes cultural shows, musical nights, and large-scale musical festivals with the collaboration of Lok Virsa Pakistan, the Aga Khan Cultural Service Pakistan (AKCSP), and Pakistan television. In 2000, the WTCA won a "Best Programme" organizer award in the Silk Road Festival from the President of Pakistan, Pervez Musharraf. A computerized codification of the Wakhi script has been released, which will help to promote the language development programme and documentation of Wakhi poetry, literature, and history. [2]
Sample text from a Bible translation published in 2001 is shown below.[3]
| Wakhi in Roman alphabet | Wakhi in Cyrillic alphabet | English (KJV) |
|---|---|---|
| 2 Yiso yavər x̆atəy: «Sayišt i dəo carəv, x̆anəv: „Ey bzыrgwor Tat ki də osmonət cəy! Ti bəzыrg nung bər olam ыmыt! Ləcər dəwroni Ti podšoyi ɣ̆at-ət, zəmin-ət zəmon də hыkmi taw ыmыt! | 2 Йисо йавəр х̌атəй: «Сайишт ҙи дəо царəв, х̌анəв: „Ей бзыргв̌ор Тат ки дə осмонəт цəй! Ти бəзырг нунг бəр олам ымыт! Лəцəр дəв̌рони Ти подшойи г̌ат-əт, зəмин-əт зəмон дə ҳыкми тав̌ ымыт! | 2 And he said unto them, When ye pray, say, "Our Father which art in heaven, Hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done, as in heaven, so in earth. |
| 3 Spo rыsq-ət rыzi sakər nəsib car! | 3 Спо рысқ-əт рызи сакəр нəсиб цар! | 3 Give us day by day our daily bread. |
| 4 Cə spo gənoən šəxs! Sak bə kuy, ki sakər šakiɣ̆, cə kərk! kыx̆ter baxṣ̌əṣ̌ carən. Cə bandi nafs-ət awasən, Cə waswasayi Iblisən saki niga δыr!“» | 4 Цə спо гəноəн шəхс! Сак бə куй, ки сакəр шакиг̌ цə кəрк! Кых̌тəр бахш̣əш̣ царəн. Цə банди нафс-əт ав̌асəн, Цə в̌асв̌асайи Иблисəн саки нига д̌ыр!“» | 4 And forgive us our sins; for we also forgive every one that is indebted to us. And lead us not into temptation; but deliver us from evil." |
The Wakhi lexicon exhibits significant differences with both Western Iranian languages such as Persian or Tajik, and also with the other Pamir languages. Gawarjon's comparison of the dialects of Sarikoli and Wakhi spoken in China and the Western Iranian languages is reproduced below.
| English gloss | Persian | Tajik | Pashto | Shughni | Sarikoli | Wakhi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| son | pisær (پسر) | pisar (писар) | zuj | puts | pɯts | putr |
| fire | atiʃ (اتش) | otaʃ (оташ) | or | joːts | juts | rɯχnig |
| water | ab (اب) | ob (ов) | obə | xats | xats | jupk |
| hand | dæst (دست) | dast (даѕт) | lɑs | ðust | ðɯst | ðast |
| foot | pa (پا) | po (по) | pxə, pʂə | poːð | peð | pɯð |
| tooth | dændan (دندان) | dandon (дандон) | ɣɑx, ɣɑʂ | ðinðʉn | ðanðun | ðɯnðɯk |
| eye | tʃæʃm (چشم) | tʃaʃm (чашм) | stərgə | tsem | tsem | tʂəʐm |
| horse | æsb (اسب) | asp (асп) | ɑs | voːrdʒ | vurdʒ | jaʃ |
| cloud | æbr (ابر) | abr (абр) | uriəz, uriədz | abri | varm | mur |
| wheat | gændum (گندم) | gandum (гандум) | ɣənəm | ʒindam | ʒandam | ɣɯdim |
| meat | gʉʃt (گوشت) | gʉʃt (гушт) | ɣwəxə, ɣwəʂə | guːxt | gɯxt | guʂt |
| many | bisjar (بسيار) | bisjor (бисйор) | ɖer | bisjoːr | pɯr | təqi |
| high | bulænd (بلند) | baland (баланд) | lwəɻ | biland | bɯland | bɯland |
| far | dʉr (دور) | dur (дур) | liri | ðar | ðar | ðir |
| good | χʉb (خوب) | χub (хуб) | xə, ʂə | χub | tʃardʒ | baf |
| small | χurd (خرد) | χurd (хурд) | lez, leʐ, wuɻ | dzul | dzɯl | dzɘqlai |
| to say | guft (گفت) | guft (гуфт) | wəjəl | lʉvd | levd | xɘnak |
| to do | kærd (كرد) | kard (кард) | kəwəl | tʃiːd | tʃeig | tsɘrak |
| to see | did (ديد) | did (дид) | lidəl, kətəl | wiːnt | wand | wing |
- ^ Viires, Ants; Lauri Vahtre (2001). The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire. Tallinn: NGO Red Book. ISBN 9985-9369-2-2.
- ^ (2001) Wakhi Tajik Cultural Association report 1991–2001. Pakistan: Wakhi Tajik Cultural Association.
- ^ (2001) Luqo Inǰil (Gospel of Luke) (in Wakhi). Bəzыrg Kitob tarǰimacrakыzg institute. Title page: [1], passages in Roman alphabet [2][3], passages in Cyrillic alphabet [4][5]
- ^ Gawarjon (高尔锵/Gāo Ěrqiāng) (1985). Outline of the Tajik language (塔吉克语简志/Tǎjíkèyǔ Jiǎnzhì). Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House.
![[1]](http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/kuhl1/wakhani-rom-source.jpg){kind=link}
![[2]](http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/kuhl1/wakhani-rom-1.jpg){kind=link}
![[3]](http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/kuhl1/wakhani-rom-2.jpg){kind=link}
![[4]](http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/kuhl1/wakhani-cyr-1.jpg){kind=link}
![[5]](http://www.christusrex.org/www1/pater/kuhl1/wakhani-cyr-2.jpg){kind=link}
- Gojal Valley
- Ethnologue data: Languages of the World, 15th Edition
- The Wakhis: Article from the Ismaili dot net
- English-Ishkashimi-Zebaki-Wakhi-Yazghulami Vocabulary
| Iranian Languages | |||
| Eastern Iranian | |||
| Old Iranian | Avestan † | Scythian (including Saka)† | Sogdian† | ||
| Middle Iranian | Bactrian† | Khwarezmian† | Khotanese† (possibly a Saka dialect) | Ossetic | Sacian† | ||
| Modern Iranian | Bartangi | Hidukush Group | Ishkashmi | Karakoram Group | Khufi | Munji | Oroshori | New Ossetic | Parachi | Pashto | Roshani (Roshni) | Sanglechi | Sarikoli | Shughni | Wakhi | Vanji † | Waziri | Yaghnobi | Yidgha | Yazgulami | Zebaki | ||
| Western Iranian | |||
| Old Iranian | Median† | Old Persian (Aryan)† | ||
| Middle Iranian | Parthian Pahlavi† | Sasanian Pahlavi† | ||
| Modern Iranian | Alviri (Vidâri) | Ashtiani | Azari† | Baluchi | Bashkardi | Central Iran | Persian Dari | Dari (Zoroastrian) | Gilaki | Gorani | Harzani | Judeo-Persian | Kurdish Kurmanji | Laki | Luri | Bakhtiari Lori | Mazandarani | Ormuri | Sangsari | Parachi | New-Persian | Sorani (Kurdish) | Tajik | Taleshi | Tat | Tati | Vafsi | Zazaki | ||
| Extinct † | |||
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|
|---|---|
| Indic (Indo-Aryan) | Sanskrit: Vedic Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit · Prakrit: Pāli - Magadhi · Mitanni · Bengali (Dialects: Chittagonian, Sylheti) · Hindustani (Registers: Hindi, Urdu) · Angika · Assamese · Bhojpuri · Bishnupriya Manipuri · Dhivehi · Dogri · Gujarati · Konkani · Mahl · Maithili · Marathi · Nepali · Oriya · Punjabi · Romani · Sindhi · Sinhala |
| Iranian | Eastern: Avestan · Bactrian · Pamir (Shughni, Sarikoli, Wakhi) · Pashto · Scythian - Ossetic · Sogdian - Yaghnobi · Western: Persian: Old Persian - Middle Persian (Pahlavi) - Modern Persian (Varieties: Farsi, Dari, Tajik) · Bukhori · Balochi · Dari (Zoroastrianism) · Gilaki · Kurdish · Luri · Mazandarani · Talysh · Tat · Zazaki |
| Dardic | Dameli · Domaaki · Gawar-Bati · Kalash · Kashmiri · Khowar · Kohistani · Nangalami · Pashayi · Palula · Shina · Shumashti |
| Nuristani | Askunu · Kamkata-viri · Tregami · Vasi-vari · Waigali |