From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Union Oil Company of California and Unocal Corporation
Type	Defunct
Founded	1890
Headquarters	Los Angeles, California
Key people	Lyman Stewart, co-founder Thomas Bard, co-founder Wallace Hardison, co-founder
Industry	Oil and Gas

Union Oil Company of California, dba Unocal is a defunct company that was a major petroleum explorer and marketer beginning in the late 19th century, through the 20th century and into the early 21st century.

On August 10, 2005, Unocal merged with Chevron Corporation and became a wholly owned subsidiary. Unocal has now ceased operations as an independent company.

Contents 1 History 2 Operations 2.1 Central Asia 2.2 Myanmar 3 References 3.1 Footnotes 4 External links

The company was founded on October 17, 1890, when it was incorporated in Santa Paula, California, as the Union Oil Company of California. The company was formed by the merger of co-founders Lyman Stewart, Thomas Bard, and Wallace Hardison's holdings. Union Oil moved its headquarters to Los Angeles in 1901. The original headquarters in Santa Paula is a California Historical Landmark.

The company expanded to national status in 1965, when Union Oil merged with the Pure Oil Company, headquartered in Schaumburg, Illinois. Over the next two decades, Union became the major oil producer in southern Alaska and a major natural gas producer in the Gulf of Mexico. The company was reorganized in 1983 and Union Oil Company of California became an operating subsidiary of a new Delaware-based holding company, Unocal Corporation. However, virtually all operations are conducted by Union Oil Company of California (Union Oil).

In 1989, Unocal placed its midwest refining and marketing assets, including Union's 150,000-barrel-per-day refinery in Lemont, Illinois into a 50-50 joint venture with Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A. (P.D.V.S.A.). The joint venture, known as the Uno-Ven Company, was headquartered in Arlington Heights, Illinois and primarily comprising employees from Union Oil's then Schaumburg, Illinois division headquarters and Lemont, Illinois refinery. The joint venture was dissolved in 1997, with P.D.V.S.A. receiving full ownership. During the life of the joint venture, the familiar Union 76 brand name continued in full force. At the termination of the joint venture, most stations were converted to Citgo, which is controlled by P.D.V.S.A.

In 1997, Unocal sold its western United States refining and marketing operations to Tosco Corporation, including the rights to the Union 76 brand. Tosco was later acquired by Phillips Petroleum who later merged with Conoco to form ConocoPhillips.

In March 2005, the Chinese National Offshore Oil Corporation CNOOC) tried to acquire Unocal with a bid that valued Unocal at between $16 billion and $18 billion. Following a vote in the United States House of Representatives, the bid was referred to President George W. Bush, on the grounds that its implications for national security needed to be reviewed ^[1]. CNOOC withdrew its bid. Soon after this, Unocal merged with Chevron.

Unocal was one of the key players in the CentGas consortium, an attempt to build the Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline to run from the Caspian area, through Afghanistan and probably Pakistan, to the Indian Ocean. One of the consultants to Unocal at that time was Zalmay Khalilzad, former US ambassador to Afghanistan then to Iraq and currently to the UN.

In the 1980s CIA chief Bill Casey had revived the agency's practise of gaining intelligence from traveling businessmen. Marty Miller, one of Unocal's top executives, conducted negotiations in several Central Asian countries from 1995, and voluntarily provided information gained on these trips to the CIA's Houston station.^[2]

In 1996 Unocal opened an office in Kandahar, Afghanistan, the heartland of the Taliban, who were in the process of taking over the country.

Unocal rented a house in central Kandahar directly across the street from one of [Osama] bin Laden's new compounds. They did not choose this location deliberately. Most of the decent houses in town straddled the Herat Bazaar Road. Also near was the Pakistani consulate, which housed officers from [the Pakistani military Inter-Services Intelligence, the] ISI. Charlie Santos ...^[3]

In 1997,

Robert Oakley [ex-US ambassador to Pakistan, now Unocal's ad hoc advisory board] advised Miller to reach the Taliban by working through Pakistan's government [then led by Benazir Bhutto]. He also suggested that Unocal hire Thomas Gouttiere, an Afghan specialist at the University of Nebraska at Omaha, to develop a job training program in Kandahar that would teach Pashtuns the technical skills needed to build a pipeline. ... Unocal agreed to pay $900,000 via the University of Nebraska to set up a Unocal training facility on a fifty-six acre site in Kandahar, not far from bin Laden's compounds. ... Gouttiere traveled in and out of Afghanistan and met with Taliban leaders. ... In December 1997 Gouttiere worked with Miller to arrange for another Taliban delegation to visit the United States. ...^[4]

Unocal seems to have had a deeper role. Intelligence "whistleblower" Julie Sirrs claimed that anti-Taliban leader Ahmad Shah Massoud told her he had "proof that Unocal had provided money that helped the Taliban take Kabul [in 1996]".^[5] And French journalist Richard Labeviere said, referring to the later 1990s, "The CIA and Unocal's security forces ... provided military weapons and instructors to several Taleban militia[s] ..."^[6]

The CentGas pipeline was not built, due to inability of CentGas and the Taliban to come to a mutually acceptable economic understanding.

Unocal is also the third largest member of the recently completed and opened Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.

Unocal, along with Total S.A., was charged with numerous human rights violations in the construction of the Yadana Pipeline in Myanmar (Burma). Since 1962, Myanmar has been governed by a military junta. The pipeline consortium (which included Unocal) employed the Burmese military, according to the company,^{[citation needed]} to protect the pipeline from insurgents and terrorists.^{[citation needed]} The Burmese soldiers have been accused by villagers in the vicinity of the pipeline of torture, rape and forced labor. Unocal has condemned these actions and points out that the company does not control the Burmese military and did not hire them to police residents.

• Eviatar, Daphne (May 9, 2005). A Big Win for Human Rights. The Nation.

• Global Business vs. Global Justice NOW with Bill Moyers, Jan. 9, 2004.

• Howard, John E. (Oct. 2002). The Alien Tort Claims Act: Is Our Litigation-Run-Amok Going Global?. Retrieved Oct. 6, 2005.

• Unocal. The story you haven't heard about. . . The Yadana Project in Myanmar Retrieved Oct. 6, 2005.

• Zagaris, Bruce (October 2002). US Asks US Court to Stop Human Rights Suit by Indonesian Villagers Against ExxonMobil for Counterterrorism Purposes. International Enforcement Law Reporter.

1. ^ China Shakes the World - James Kynge, 2006, Phoenix Books, ISBN 13 978-0-7538-2155-8
2. ^ Steve Coll, Ghost Wars, Penguin, 2005 edn, p.314.
3. ^ Steve Coll, Ghost Wars, Penguin, 2005 edn, p.342.
4. ^ Steve Coll, Ghost Wars, Penguin, 2005 edn, p.364.
5. ^ Gail Sheehy, "Ex-Spook Sirrs: Early Osama Call Got Her Ejected", The New York Observer, March 14, 2004.
6. ^ Richard Labeviere, Dollars For Terror, Algora Press, 2000, p.272.

• [1] This link goes to Chevron's web-site
• Save the 76 Ball website.