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Theodore Sturgeon (February 26, 1918 – May 8, 1985) was an American science fiction author. He was born Edward Hamilton Waldo in Staten Island, New York; in 1929, after a divorce, his mother married William Sturgeon, and Edward changed his name to Theodore the better to match his nickname, "Ted".

Sturgeon died on May 8, 1985, of lung fibrosis, in Eugene, Oregon.^[1] Sturgeon lived for several years in the neighboring city of Springfield. ^[2]

He sold his first story in 1938 to the newspaper McClure's Syndicate, which bought much of his early (non-fantastic) work; his first genre appearance was "Ether Breather" in Astounding Science Fiction a year later. At first he wrote mainly short stories, primarily for genre magazines such as Astounding and Unknown, but also for general-interest publications such as Argosy Magazine. He used the pen name "E. Waldo Hunter" when two of his stories ran in the same issue of Astounding. A few of his early stories were signed "Theodore H. Sturgeon".

Sturgeon ghost-wrote an Ellery Queen mystery novel, The Player on the Other Side (Random House, 1963). This novel gained critical praise from critic H.R.F. Keating, who "had almost finished writing Crime and Mystery: the 100 Best Books, in which I had included The Player on the Other Side ... placing the book squarely in the Queen canon"^[3] when he learned that it had been written by Sturgeon. Similarly, "William DeAndrea, author and ... winner of Mystery Writers of America awards, selecting his ten favourite mystery novels for the magazine Armchair Detective, picked The Player on the Other Side as one of them. He said: 'This book changed my life ... and made a raving mystery fan (and therefore ultimately a mystery writer) out of me. ... The book must be 'one of the most skilful pastiches in the history of literature. An amazing piece of work, whomever did it'."^[3]

Fantastic Adventures, August 1951, featuring Sturgeon's story "Excalibur and the Atom" (cover art by Robert Gibson Jones).

Many of Sturgeon's works have a poetic, even an elegiac, quality. He was known to use a technique known as "rhythmic prose", in which his prose text would drop into a standard meter. This has the effect of creating a subtle shift in mood, usually without alerting the reader to its cause.

His most famous novel More Than Human (1953) won serious academic recognition, particularly in Europe, where it was seen^{[attribution needed]} as high-quality literature.

Sturgeon wrote the screenplays for the Star Trek episodes "Shore Leave" (1966) and "Amok Time" (1967, later published in book form in 1978). The latter is known for his invention of the Pon farr, the Vulcan mating ritual, the first use of the phrase "Live long and prosper" and the first use of the Vulcan hand symbol. Sturgeon also wrote several episodes of Star Trek that were never produced. One of these was notable for having first introduced the Prime Directive. He also wrote an episode of the Saturday morning show Land of the Lost, "The Pylon Express", in 1975. Two of Sturgeon's stories were adapted for The New Twilight Zone. One, "A Saucer of Loneliness", was broadcast in 1986 and was dedicated to his memory. His 1944 novella, "KillDozer", was the inspiration for the 1970s made-for-TV movie, Marvel comic book, and alternative rock band of the same name.

Although Sturgeon is well known among readers of classic science-fiction anthologies (at the height of his popularity in the 1950s he was the most anthologized author alive) and much respected by critics (John Clute writes in The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction: "His influence upon writers like Harlan Ellison and Samuel R. Delany was seminal, and in his life and work he was a powerful and generally liberating influence in post-WWII US sf"), he is not much known among the general public and won comparatively few awards (though it must be noted that his best work was published before the establishment and consolidation of the leading genre awards, while his later production was scarcer and weaker). He was listed as a primary influence of the much more famous Ray Bradbury and Kurt Vonnegut had stated that his character Kilgore Trout was based on Theodore Sturgeon.

Main article: Sturgeon's law

In 1951, Sturgeon coined what is now known as Sturgeon's Law: "Ninety percent of SF [science fiction] is crud, but then, ninety percent of everything is crud." This was originally known as Sturgeon's Revelation; Sturgeon has said that "Sturgeon's Law" was originally "Nothing is always absolutely so." However, the former phrase is now widely referred to as Sturgeon's Law. He is also known for his dedication to a credo of critical thinking that challenged all normative assumptions: "ask the next question." He represented this credo by the symbol of a Q with an arrow through it, an example of which he wore around his neck and used as part of his signature in the last 15 years of his life.

Sturgeon was a distant relative of Ralph Waldo Emerson.

Sturgeon had one brother, Peter Sturgeon, who wrote technical material for the pharmaceutical industry and eventually the WHO, and who has been credited with bringing Mensa to the United States. William Sturgeon (sometimes known as Argyll), their stepfather, was a Methodist minister, and both brothers eventually became atheists.

Sturgeon held a wide variety of jobs during his lifetime. As an adolescent, he wanted to be a circus acrobat; an episode of rheumatic fever prevented him from pursuing this. From 1935 (aged 17) to 1938, he was a sailor in the merchant marine, and elements of that experience found their way into several stories. He sold refrigerators door to door. He managed a hotel in the West Indies around 1940-1941, worked in several construction and infrastructure jobs (driving a bulldozer in Puerto Rico, operating a gas station and truck lubrication center, work at a drydock) for the US Army in the early war years, and by 1944 was an advertising copywriter. In addition to freelance fiction and television writing, he also operated a literary agency (which was eventually transferred to Scott Meredith), worked for Fortune Magazine and other Time Magazine Inc. properties on circulation, and edited various publications. Sturgeon had somewhat irregular output, frequently suffering from writer's block.

Theodore Sturgeon vividly recalled being in the same room with L. Ron Hubbard, when Hubbard became testy with someone there and retorted, "Y'know, we're all wasting our time writing this hack science fiction! You wanta make real money, you gotta start a religion!" Reportedly Sturgeon also told this story to others.

Theodore Sturgeon was one of the truly great science fiction writers, and someone whose word and memories were trusted. (John W. Campbell commented that Sturgeon should have written the definitive history of SF fandom.)

Sturgeon played guitar and wrote music which he sometimes performed at Science Fiction Conventions.

Sturgeon was married three times, had two long-term committed relationships outside of marriage, divorced once, and fathered a total of seven children. His first wife was Dorothe Fillingame (married 1940, divorced 1945) with whom he had two daughters, Patricia and Cynthia. He was married to singer Mary Mair from 1949 until an annulment in 1951. Later in 1951, he wed Marion McGahan with whom he had Robin (his first son, b. 1952); daughters Tandy (b. 1954) and Noël (b. 1956); and son Timothy (b. 1960). His fourth long-term committed relationship was with reporter and photographer W. Bonnie Golden, with whom he had his third son, Andros (b.1970). Finally, his last long-term committed relationship was with writer and educator Jayne Engelhart Tannehill, with whom he remained until the time of his death.

Sturgeon was a lifelong pipe smoker. Undoubtedly this contributed to his death from lung fibrosis, but the condition may have been initially caused by exposure to asbestos during his Merchant Marine stint as a young man.

• The Dreaming Jewels (1950), also published as The Synthetic Man
• More Than Human (1953, fix-up of three linked novellas, the first and third written around the previously published "Baby Is Three") — winner of the International Fantasy Award
• The King and Four Queens (1956, Western) (a novelization of the movie of the same name)
• I, Libertine (1956, for-hire hoax as "Frederick R. Ewing")
• The Cosmic Rape (1958), abridged version published as To Marry Medusa
• Venus Plus X (1960)
• Some of Your Blood (1961)
• Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea (a novelization of the movie of the same name, based on an early draft of the script) (1961)
• The Player on The Other Side (1963) (published as by Ellery Queen and ghost-written with Queen's assistance and supervision)
• The Rare Breed (1966, Western) (a novelization of the movie of the same name)
• Godbody (1986)

• Caviar (1955). Includes :- Bright Segment; Microcosmic God; Ghost of a Chance; Prodigy; Medusa; Blabbermouth; Shadow, Shadow on the Wall; Twink.
• E Pluribus Unicorn (1959). Includes :- The Silken-Swift; The Professor's Teddy-Bear; Bianca's Hands; A Saucer of Loneliness; The World Well Lost; It Wasn't Syzygy; The Music; Scars; Fluffy; The Sex Opposite; Die, Maestro, Die!; Cellmate; A Way of Thinking.
• Not Without Sorcery (1948). Includes :- The Ultimate Egoist; It; Poker Face; Shottle Bop; Artnan Process; Memorial; Ether Breather; Butyl and the Breather; Brat; Two Percent Inspiration; Cargo; Maturity; Microcosmic God.
• Starshine (1968). Includes :- "Derm Fool"; The Haunt; Artnan Process; The World Well Lost; The Pod and the Barrier; How to Kill Aunty.
• Sturgeon in Orbit (1970). Includes :- Extrapolation; The Wages of Synergy; Make Room For Me; The Heart; The Incubi of Parallel X.
• The Worlds of Theodore Sturgeon (1972). Includes :- The Skills of Xanadu; There is No Defense; The Perfect Host; The Graveyard Reader; The Other Man; The Sky Was Full of Ships; Shottle Bop, Maturity; Memorial.
• To Here and the Easel (1973). Includes :- To Here and the Easel; The Skills of Xanadu; There is No Defence; The Perfect Host; The Graveyard Reader; Shottle Bop.
• Case and the Dreamer (1974). Includes :- Case and the Dreamer; If all men were brothers, would you let one marry your sister?; When you care, when you love.

Sturgeon was better known for his short stories and novellas. The best known include:

• "Ether Breather" (September 1939, his first published science-fiction story)
• "Derm Fool" (March 1940)
• "It" (August 1940)
• "Microcosmic God" (April 1941)
• "Yesterday Was Monday" (1941)
• "Killdozer!" (November, 1944)
• "Bianca's Hands" (May, 1947)
• "Thunder and Roses" (November 1947)
• "The Perfect Host" (November 1948)
• "Minority Report" (June 1949, no connection to the 2002 movie, which was based on a later story by Philip K. Dick)
• "One Foot and the Grave" (September 1949)
• "A Saucer of Loneliness" (February 1953)
• "The World Well Lost" (June 1953)
• "Mr. Costello, Hero" (December 1953)
• "The Skills of Xanadu" (July 1956)
• "The Other Man" (September 1956)
• "Need" (1960)
• "How to Forget Baseball" (Sports Illustrated, December 1964)
• "The Nail and the Oracle" (Playboy, October 1964)
• "Slow Sculpture" (Galaxy, February 1970) — winner of a Hugo Award and a Nebula Award
• "Occam's Scalpel" (August, 1971, with an introduction by Terry Carr)
• "Vengeance Is" (1980, Dark Forces anthology edited by Kirby McCauley)
• "If All Men Were Brothers, Would You Let One Marry Your Sister?" (1967, Dangerous Visions anthology edited by Harlan Ellison) — Nebula Award 1967 Nominee Novella
• "The Man Who Learned Loving" — Nebula Award 1969 Nominee Short Story
• "The [Widget], The [Wadget], and Boff" (1955)

North Atlantic Books has been releasing the chronologically assembled The Complete Short Stories of Theodore Sturgeon since 1995. The volumes include:

• The Ultimate Egoist (1937 to 1940)
• Microcosmic God (1940 to 1941)
• Killdozer (1941 to 1946)
• Thunder and Roses (1946 to 1948)
• The Perfect Host (1948 to 1950)
• Baby is Three (1950 to 1952)
• A Saucer of Loneliness (1953)
• Bright Segment (1953 to 1955, as well as some earlier stories that were found among Sturgeon's papers)
• And Now the News... (1955 to 1957)
• The Man Who Lost the Sea (1957 to 1960)
• The Nail and the Oracle (1960s)

• Argyll, Sturgeon's autobiography

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:

Theodore Sturgeon

• Theodore Sturgeon article at Memory Alpha, a Star Trek wiki
• The Theodore Sturgeon Page - an informative and comprehensive fan site
• The Theodore Sturgeon Literary Trust - owners of Sturgeon copyrights, information on Sturgeon publications
• Theodore Sturgeon at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
• Theodore Sturgeon's online fiction at Free Speculative Fiction Online
• Some of Your Blood, Millipede Press 2006
• Non-scientologist faq on "Start a Religion"