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The Ten Thousand were a group of mercenary units, mainly Greek, drawn up by Cyrus the Younger to attempt to wrest the throne of the Persian Empire from his brother, Artaxerxes II. Their march to the Battle of Cunaxa and back to Greece (401 BC-399 BC) was recorded by Xenophon (one of its leaders) in his work, The Anabasis.

Route of Xenophon and the Ten Thousand.

According to Xenophon, the Ten Thousand were composed of:

• 4000 hoplites under Xenias the Arcadian, until he left the army in Syria
• 1500 hoplites and 500 light infantry under Proxenus the Boeotian, until he left the army in Syria
• 1000 hoplites under Sophaenetus the Stymphalian
• 500 hoplites under Socrates the Achaean (not to be confused with the philosopher)
• 300 hoplites and 300 peltasts under Pasion the Megaran
• 1000 hoplites, 800 Thracian peltasts, and 200 Cretan archers (and more than 2000 men who came from Xenias and Proxenus when they deserted) under Clearchus of Sparta,
• 300 hoplites under Sosis the Syracusan (Anabasis book 1, chp 2, IX)
• 1000 hoplites under Sophaenetus the Arcadian
• 700 hoplites under Chirisophus the Spartan
• 400 Greek deserters from Artaxerxes' army

In addition, they were backed up by a fleet of 35 triremes under Pythagoras the Spartan and 25 triremes under Tamos the Egyptian, as well as 100,000 Persian troops under Ariaeus the Persian (although Xenophon lists them as 100,000, most modern historians believe Ariaeus' troops were only around 20,000).

Until shortly after the Battle of Cunaxa, the Spartan general Clearchus was recognized as the commander of the army. When Tissaphernes arrested and executed Clearchus, Proxenus, Menon, Agias (possibly the same person as Sophaenetus), and Socrates, their places were taken by Xenophon, Timasion, Xanthicles, Cleanor, and Philesius, with the Spartan Chirisophus as the general commander.

The book The Ten Thousand by Michael Curtis Ford is a fictional account of this group's exploits.

The 1979 film The Warriors transposed Xenophon's story to the gang scene of New York. After a gang meet ends with an assassination, the falsely accused 9 man Warriors gang have to get home to Coney Island by travelling through territory controlled by hostile gangs like The Orphans, The Baseball Furies, The Boppers, The Hi-Hats and even The Hoplites.

Harold Coyle's 1993 novel The Ten Thousand shows the bulk of the US Forces in modern Europe fighting their way across and out of Germany instead of laying down their weapons when the Germans stole nuclear weapons that were being removed from Ukraine. The operational concept for their move was based on Xenophon's Ten Thousand.

• Xenophon Anabasis

• The Project Gutenberg EText
• Anabasis at The University of Adelaide