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In music, syncopation is a stress on a normally unstressed beat, or a missing beat where a stressed one would normally be expected. Syncopation is used in many musical styles, including classical music, but it is fundamental in such styles as reggae, ragtime, rap, jump blues, jazz and often in dubstep. In the form of a back beat, syncopation is used in virtually all contemporary popular music.

Contents 1 Types of syncopation 1.1 Even-note syncopation 1.2 Off-beat syncopation 1.2.1 Anticipated bass 1.3 Missed-beat syncopation 2 Transformation 3 See also 4 Bibliography 5 External links

In meters with even numbers of beats (2/4, 4/4, etc.), the stress normally falls on the odd-numbered beats. If the even-numbered beats are stressed instead, the rhythm is syncopated.

The stress can shift by less than a whole beat so it falls on an off-beat, as in the following example where the stress in the first bar is shifted by an eighth note (or quaver):

Playing a note ever-so-slightly before or after a beat is another form of syncopation because this produces an unexpected accent.

Anticipated bass is a bass tone that comes syncopated shortly before the downbeat, which is used in Son montuno Cuban dance music. Timing can vary, but it usually comes less than an eighth note before the one and three beats in 4/4...

Another type of syncopation is the missed beat, in which a rest is substituted for an expected note's beginning (van der Merwe 1989, pp. 321). For example, if the musician suddenly does not play anything on beat 1, that would also be syncopation.

Richard Middleton (1990, p.212-13) suggests adding the concept of transformation to Narmour's (1980, p.147-53) prosodic rules which create rhythmic successions in order to explain or generate syncopations. "The syncopated pattern is heard 'with reference to', 'in light of', as a remapping of, its partner." He gives examples of:

• Latin equivalent of simple 4/4:

• Backbeat transformation of simple 4/4:

• Before-the-beat phrasing, combined with backbeat transformation of a simple repeated trochee, which gives the phraseology of "Satisfaction":

• Syncopation (dance)

• Middleton, Richard (1990/2002). Studying Popular Music. Philadelphia: Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-15275-9.
• Seyer, Philip, Allan B. Novick and Paul Harmon (1997). What Makes Music Work. Forest Hill Music. ISBN 0-9651344-0-7.
• van der Merwe, Peter (1989), written at Oxford, Origins of the Popular Style: The Antecedents of Twentieth-Century Popular Music, Clarendon Press, 128, ISBN 0193161214

• Syncopation in Dance and Music
• On syncopation (Dutch)