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Stagnation of the Ottoman Empire
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Please help improve this article or section by expanding it. Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. This article has been tagged since January 2007. |
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History of the Ottoman Empire |
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| Periods: | |
| Rise (1299–1453) | |
| Growth (1453–1683) | |
| Stagnation (1683–1827) | |
| Decline (1828–1908) | |
| Dissolution (1908–1922) | |
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The Battle of Vienna of 1683 was the real point at which the Ottoman Empire began its decline. After the defeat of the Ottomans at Vienna, Prince Eugene of Savoy lead Austrian forces to victories in the Great Turkish War. By 1699, Ottoman Hungary was conquered from by the Austrians. The Treaty of Karlowitz was signed that year. Subsequent wars in the 18th century brought on the Treaty of Passarowitz, Treaty of Belgrade, Treaty of Nissa which entrenched the new Habsburg-Ottoman-Russian borders in the southeast of Europe.
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Mustafa II sought to turn back the Austrian advance into his Empire and in 1697 took the field in person to reconquer Ottoman Hungary. He was totally defeated at Zenta by Prince Eugene of Savoy and this event led the Ottomans to seek peace terms. By the 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz, Mustafa II ceded Hungary (see Ottoman Hungary) and Transylvania to Austria, Morea to the Venetian Republic and withdrew Turkish forces from Polish Podolia. Also during this reign, Peter I of Russia (1682–1725) captured the Black Sea fortress of Azov from the Turks (1697).
In the treaty which Russia was compelled to sign, the Ottoman Empire obtained the restitution of Azov, the destruction of the forts built by Russia and the undertaking that the tsar should abstain from future interference in the affairs of the Poles or the Cossacks. Discontent at the leniency of these terms was so strong at Constantinople that it nearly brought on a renewal of the war.
In 1715 the Morea was taken from the Venetians. This led to hostilities with Austria, in which the Ottoman Empire was unsuccessful, and Belgrade fell into the hands of Austria in 1717. Through the mediation of England and the Netherlands the peace of Passarowitz was concluded in 1718, by which Turkey retained her conquests from the Venetians, but lost Hungary.
During the course of the Persian war the Turks made successive conquests with little check from Persian armies, though often impeded by the nature of the country and the fierce spirit of the native tribes. After a few years, however, the war became less favourable to Ottoman ambition. The celebrated Nadir Konli Khan (who afterwards reconquered and conquered states for himself), gained his first renown by exploits against the enemies of Shah Tahmasp.
In 1731, as to the right of dominion over the Circassians of the Kabartas, a region about half way between the Euxine and the Caspian, near the course of the river Terek. The Russians claimed the Karabartas as lands of Russian subjects. They asserted that the Circassians were originally Cossacks of the Ukraine, who migrated thence the neighbourhood of a city of Russia called Terki, from what took their name of Tchercassians, or Circassians. Thence (according to the memorial drawn up by the Czar's ministers) the Circassians removed to the neighbourhood of Kuban: still, however, retaining their Christian creed and their allegiance to the Czar. The continuation of the story told that the tyranny of the Crim Tartars forced the Circassians to become Mahometans, to migrate farther eastward to the Kabartas; but it was in on that the Circassians were still to be regarded as subjects of their original earthly sovereign, and that the which they occupied became the Czar's territory. This political ethnology had but little influence upon the Turks, especially as the Czar had in a letter, written nine years previously acknowledged the sovereignty of the Sultan over the Circassians
The Russian war was fought primarily in the Crimea and the Danubian Principalities (Wallachia and Moldavia). In this war, the Russian commander Von Munnich routed Mahmud I's Crimean Tatar vassals and then led his forces across the Dniestr, bringing much of Bessarabia under Russian control. The Austrians, however, did not fare as well, as Ottoman forces brought Belgrade and northern Serbia back under their control.
The Persian wars saw Ottoman forces ranged against the military genius of Nadir Shah. The Turks managed to retain control of Baghdad, but Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia fell back within the Persian sphere of influence.
After the death of Ragihb Pasha in 1763, The Sultan Mustafa III governed by himself. He was not good at selecting councilors and commanders. He was a headstrong and hasty man; these behaviors contributed to his poor selections. However he was very industrious and talented and was dedicated to promoting the interests of the Ottoman Empire.
In 1774 after a catastrophic war with Russia, the Ottomans were compelled to sign the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji.
Selim III (1789–1807) attempted to reform administrative efficiency, but was killed by a Janissary revolt when he tried to create a new army and navy.
- Incorporates text from "History of Ottoman Turks" (1878)