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Senate of Brazil
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In its present configuration, the Brazilian Senate (Portuguese: Senado Federal) is a federal legislative body and the upper house of the National Congress of Brazil.
The Senate comprises 81 seats. Three senators from each state and three from the Federal District, elected on a majority basis to serve eight-year terms. Elections are staggered so that two-thirds of the upper house is up for election at one time and the remaining one-third four years later.
In Brazil, the Senate was first established by the 1824 Constitution, the first Constitution of the independent Brazil.
Following the independence, in 1822, Emperor Pedro I ordered that a National Assembly be convened to write the country's first Constitution. Following several disagreements with the elected deputies (which included representatives from present-day Uruguay, then part of the Brazilian Empire under the name of Provícia Cisplatina), the Emperor dissolved the Assembly and, in 1824, implemented the first Constitution, in which it was established that the Legislative branch would comprise a lower house, the Chamber of Deputies, and an upper house, inspired in the United Kingdom's House of Lords.
The first configuration of the Senate was a consulting body to the Emperor. Membership was for life and it was a place of prestige, to which only a small morcel of the population could apply.
Members of the Senate were elected, but they had to be at least 40 years old and, which was more significant as a limitating factor, an annual income of 800 thousand contos-de-réis was necessary in order to run. Furthermore, electors were selected by income as well. In order to be able to vote in the election, any man (women did not vote in the Brazilian Empire) was required to have an annual income of at least 200 thousand contos-de-réis. But those who qualified to vote with this income would not vote directly for the senators; instead, they voted on other people, who were candidates to senator electors. In order to run for this position, a minimal annual income of 400 thousand contos-de-réis was required. Once elected, those electors would vote for senator. The election itself would not turn out a winner automatically. The three highest-voted candidates in each circumscription would make up what was called a "triple list", from which the Emperor would select one individual that would be considered "elected". The Emperor usually picked the highest-voted individual, but it was within his discretion to select whichever of the three individuals listed. The only exception for these rules were the Princes of the Brazilian Imperial House, who were senators by right and would take a seat in the Senate upon completing 25 years of age.
The original Senate had 50 members, representing all of the Empire's Provinces, each with a number of senators proportional to its population.
The first session of the original Senate took place in May of 1826, following repeated delays from the Emperor in calling the first election after the inception of the 1824 Constitution — which had led to repeated accusations that the Emperor would be attempting to establish an absolutist government for himself.
- Official website of the Brazilian Senate
- List of all Brazilian senators (1826-2007; in Portuguese)