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In economics, scarcity is the problem of infinite human needs and wants, in a world of finite resources. In other words, society does not have sufficient productive resources to fulfill those wants and needs. Alternatively, scarcity implies that not all of society's goals can be pursued at the same time; trade-offs are made of one good against others. In an influential 1932 essay, Lionel Robbins defined economics as "the science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses."

In biology, scarcity can refer to the uncommonness or rarity of certain species. Such species are often protected by local, national or international law in order to prevent extinction.

Contents 1 Goods and services 2 Scarcity applied to other areas 3 Criticisms 4 Harris's Lament 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 See also

Goods and services are scarce because of the limited availability of resources (the factors of production) along with the limits on our technology and skillful people relative to the total amount desired. If somehow people desired nothing, there would be no scarcity. If resources were great enough to produce more than anyone desired, there would also be no scarcity. Scarce resources determine the location of society's production possibilities frontier or curve (PPF). Inefficiencies in the use of resources (less than full employment or inappropriate employment of inputs like land and capital) may limit the amount produced so that the economy operates below its PPF. It is difficult to abolish all inefficiencies, and some characterize institutional inefficiency as artificial scarcity.

Goods (including services) that are scarce are called economic goods (or simply 'goods' if their scarcity is presumed). Other goods are called free goods if they are desired but in such abundance that they are not scarce, such as air and seawater. Too much of something freely available can informally be referred to as a 'bad', but then its absence can classified as a good, thus, a mown lawn, clean air, etc.

Where goods are scarce it is necessary for society to make choices as to how they are allocated and used. Economists study (among other things) how societies perform the optimal allocation of these resources — along with how societies often fail to attain this optimality and are instead inefficient.

For example, some fruits, such as strawberries, are scarce in markets on occasion because they grow only at certain times of the year. When the supply of strawberries is lower, they become scarce, or not always available. This scarcity may have an effect on the demand for strawberries. If enough people want strawberries when none are available, then the demand increases. And this demand is high not because the price is low but because the supply is low.

Another example is gold jewellery. Because the amount of gold available is limited, it is necessary to make choices as to how it is allocated. In a market economy, this is achieved by trade. Other ways to make this decision involve tradition, community democracy and centralized command. In the market, individuals and organizations, such as corporations, trade resources amongst themselves, reallocating resources to where they are most wanted by those with purchasing power. In a smoothly operating market system, the rate of exchange between different resources, or price will adjust so that demand is equal to supply. One of the roles of the economist is to discover the relationship between demand and supply and to develop mechanisms (such as pricing, incentives, or penalties) to achieve an optimal outcome (in terms of consumer welfare).

Certain goods are likely to remain inherently scarce by definition or by design; examples include land and positional goods such as awards generated by honor systems, fame, and membership of elites. These things are said to derive all or most of their value from their scarcity. Even in a theoretical post scarcity society, certain goods, such as desirable land and original art pieces, would most likely remain scarce. But these may be seen as examples of artificial scarcity, reflecting societal institutions. That is, the resource cost of giving someone the title of "knight of the realm" is much less than the value that individuals attach to that title.

As informational goods can be copied at negligible cost, they do not need to be scarce. This is why copies of software such as GNU/Linux are typically available for very little cost. However, proprietary software and many other products are kept artificially scarce through intellectual property protection laws, most commonly copyrights and patents.

It is possible to apply the scarcity principle in social arguments. For better results it is advised to structure your argument in terms of prevention rather than opportunity for gain.

Some^[who?] question the concept of scarcity, on the grounds that it assumes human wants are "unlimited." (See the Simple living and Voluntary Simplicity movements.) These "unlimited" wants may result more from culture than human nature. For example, people can be influenced to want more by peer pressure, adverts, or the desire to show off. They might also see consumption as a means of coping with unfulfillment. If in fact human wants are finite, productivity continues to increase, then it might someday be possible to give everyone everything they want. See Post scarcity.

Harris's Lament originates from a Barney Miller episode in which Detective Ron Harris (played by Ron Glass) attempted to find a good apartment in New York City (no easy task). Inherent scarcity has been expressed in popular media as Harris's Lament: "all the good ones are taken!". For example, Harris's Lament has been used to complain about the inherent scarcity of such things as names of computers on networks^[1] and boyfriends^[2].

• Milgate, Murray (1987), "goods and commodities," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 2, pp. 546-48.
• Montani, Guido (1987), "scarcity," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, v. 4, pp. 253-54.

• Abundance, its opposite
• Economic problem
• Economic shortage
• An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science
• Value theory
• Post scarcity
• Rare species

v • d • e Topics in microeconomics Scarcity • Opportunity cost • Supply and demand • Elasticity • Economic surplus • Economic shortage • Aggregation problem • Consumer theory • Production, costs, and pricing • Market form • Welfare economics • Market failure