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For other meanings of the word 'sai', see Sai (disambiguation).

Sai (釵) is the Ryukyu name for a traditional Okinawan^[1] weapon also used in India, China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. Its basic form is that of a pointed, rod-shaped baton, with two long, unsharpened projections (tsuba) attached to the handle. The very end of the handle is called the knuckle. Sai are constructed in a variety of forms. Traditional sai are round, while some reproductions have adapted an octagonal middle prong. The tsuba are traditionally symmetrical, however, the Manji design developed by Taira Shinken employs oppositely facing tsuba.

It is believed the sai was always a weapon. Although some hypothesize it originated as an agricultural tool used to measure stalks, plow fields, plant rice, or to hold cart wheels in place, the evidence for this is limited. The sai is known to have been used in other parts of Asia before its arrival on Okinawa. Early evidence points to an Indonesian origin. In Malay the sai is known as a chabang (also spelled cabang/tjabang, meaning branch) and is thought to derive from the Indian trident. By trade, the chabang spread through the rest of Indo-China and may have reached Okinawa from one or more of these places simultaneously. In China it might have been known as the San-Ku-Chu. It is also of note that the Greek letter psi, is a homonym of sai and that the shape of the letter itself closely resembles the shape of the weapon.

Contents 1 Use 2 Popular culture 3 See also 4 References 5 External links

The sai's utility as a weapon is reflected in its distinctive shape. With skill, it can be used against a long sword by trapping the sword's blade in the sai's tsuba. There are several different ways of wielding the sai in the hands, which give it the versatility to be used both lethally and non-lethally. The sai is primarily used as a striking weapon or for short jabs into the solar plexus. The sai also has many defensive uses in blocking other weapons.

One way to hold it is by gripping the handle with all of your fingers and hooking your thumbs into the area between the tsuba and the main shaft. This allows you to change effortlessly between the long projection and the back, blunt side. The change is made by putting pressure on your thumbs and rotating the sai around until it is facing backwards and your index finger is aligned with the handle. The sai is generally easier to handle in this position. The knuckle end is good for concentrating the force of a punch and the long shaft can be wielded to thrust at enemies, to serve as a protection for a blow to the forearm or to stab as one would use a common dagger.

Some keep the index finger extended in alignment with the center shaft regardless of whether the knuckle end or the middle prong is exposed. The finger may be straight or slightly curled. They keep the other fingers on the main shaft and the thumb supports the tsuba.^[2]

The above grips leverage the versatility of this implement as both an offensive and defensive weapon. Both grips facilitate flipping between the point and the knuckle being exposed while the sai is held in strong grip positions.

The sai is typically instructed for use in pairs - one in each hand.^[3] In the United States a common style is Yamanni Ryu. There are five common kata used in instruction, including two kihon kata. The style includes a variety to blocks, parries, strikes, and captures against attackers from all directions and height levels. Use of the point, knuckle and central bar is emphasized, as well as rapid grip changes for multiple strikes/blocks.

The jitte is the one-pronged Japanese equivalent to the (Okinawan) sai, and was used predominantly by the Japanese police during the Edo period. It is a featured weapon in the curriculum of several Japanese Jujutsu and koryu schools.

In Hollywood, however, sai are portrayed as a much more offensive weapon, being used like a sword, dagger and a throwing dart. Little play is given to striking with the knuckle. Thus, the traditionally rounded weapon is portrayed being bladed. For example Jennifer Garner, who played Elektra Natchios in Daredevil and its spin-off Elektra, holds them incorrectly with the index and middle finger straddling the middle prong inside the tsubas. A grip with 2 or 3 fingers inside between the tsuba and the middle shaft facilitates a slightly more flashy array of finger twirls. However, it eliminates certain defensive possibilities and knuckle strikes.^{[citation needed]}

Sai feature heavily in the movies: Raphael of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles uses twin sai as his weapon of choice. Mileena from the Mortal Kombat series uses sai as her primary weapons. Li Mei in Mortal Kombat: Deadly Alliance, Sareena in Mortal Kombat: Tournament Edition and Khameleon in Mortal Kombat Trilogy also use sai. In the Last Bronx series, sai are also wielded by Nagi. Furthermore, Gabrielle (Renee O'Connor) from Xena: Warrior Princess uses a pair of sai as her primary weapons in the later seasons. Then in the movie Bulletproof Monk, the villainess Nina uses a single black sai in her fight with Jade.

Sai also feature prominently in the two battles between Anck-Su-Namun and Nefertiri/Evie in The Mummy Returns, and also make an appearance in the hands of Keanu Reeves in The Matrix Reloaded. In the animated television series, the Ronin Warriors series the character Lady Kayura uses a modified pair of sai as her weapon of choice. Whilst in the manga comics, TenTen in Naruto has many weapons including sai. She uses a sai attached to a chain.

In the online Flash game, MechQuest, the player can use an energy Sai with elongated tsubas.

• Kobudo
• Karate
• Silat

1. ^ Martial arts gear
2. ^ Martial arm
3. ^ Okinawa free

• Last known traditional sai-smith
• The Stories and Practice of the Okinawan Sai by Toshihiro Oshiro and William H. Haff
• Video of Sai History on YouTube

v • d • e Okinawan kobudō
Weapons: Bō • Eku • Kama • Nunchaku • Sai • Tambo • Surujin • Tekko • Tinbe-rochin • Tonfa
Styles: Matayoshi • Ryukyu • Yamanni ryu
Comparison of kobudo styles