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Sir Rudolf Ernst Peierls, (June 5, 1907, Berlin – September 19, 1995, Oxford), was a German-born British physicist. Rudolph Peierls had a major role in Britain's nuclear program, but he also had a role in many modem sciences. His impact on Physics can probably be best described by his obituary in Physics Today: "Rudolph Peierls...a major player in the drama of the irruption of nuclear physics into world affairs..."^[1].

Contents 1 Early years 2 World War II 3 Frisch-Peierls memorandum 4 Manhattan project 5 Post-war 6 Honors 7 Legacy 8 References 9 External links

The son of assimilated Jewish parents, he studied solid-state physics under the tutelage of Werner Heisenberg and Wolfgang Pauli. His early work on quantum physics led to the theory of positive carriers to explain the thermal and electrical conductivity behaviors of semiconductors. He was a pioneer of the concept of "holes" in semiconductors.^[2] He actually established "zones" before Leon Brillouin despite Leon's name being currently attached to the idea and applied it to phonons. Doing this, he discovered the Boltzman equations for phonons and the Umklapp process. Physics Today states "His many papers on electrons in metals have now passed so deeply into the literature that it is hard to identify his contribution to conductivity in magnetic fields and to the concept of a hole in the theory of electrons in solids."^[1]

Rudolph Peierls worked realizing the force to move a dislocation as well as working with phonons, photodisintegration, statistical mechanics of alloys, superconductivity, and liquid helium.^[1]

He was studying on a Rockefeller Scholarship at Cambridge University when Adolf Hitler came to power in his native Germany. Granted leave to remain in Britain he became Professor of Physics at the University of Birmingham, Birmingham, England. In 1939, he started working on atomic research with Otto Robert Frisch and James Chadwick. Ironically, both Peierls and Frisch were excluded from working on radar (then known as RDF) as it was considered too secret for scientists with foreign backgrounds.

In March 1940, he co-authored the Frisch-Peierls memorandum with Frisch. This short paper was the first to set out how one could construct an atomic bomb from a small amount of fissionable uranium-235. They calculated that about 1kg would be needed.^[3] Until then it had been assumed that such a bomb would require many tons of uranium, and consequently was impractical to build and use. The paper was pivotal in igniting the interest of first the British and later the American authorities in atomic weapons. In 1941 its findings made their way to the United States through the report of the MAUD Committee, an important trigger in the establishment of the Manhattan Project and the subsequent development of the atomic bomb. He was also responsible for the recruitment of his compatriot Klaus Fuchs to the British project, an action which was to result in Peierls falling under suspicion when Fuchs was exposed as a Soviet spy in 1950. In 1995, The Spectator garnered outrage from his family when they alleged Rudolph Peierls was a spy codenamed "perls" for the Soviet Union.^[4]

Following the signature of the Quebec Agreement in August, 1943, Peierls joined the Manhattan Project in the United States, initially in New York and later at the Los Alamos Laboratory, where he played an important role in the development of the atomic bomb. Notably, when the materials were shipped to build the first nuclear bomb at Los Alamos, Rudolph Peierls courageously assembled the bomb by hand.^[5]

After the war, Peierls reassumed his position in the physics department at the University of Birmingham where he worked until 1963 before joining the University of Oxford. While at Birmingham he also worked as a consultant to the British atomic programme at Harwell. He was knighted in 1968. He retired from Oxford in 1974. He wrote several books including The Laws of Nature (1955), Surprises in Theoretical Physics (1979), More Surprises in Theoretical Physics (1991) and an autobiography, Bird of Passage (1985).

He was awarded the Lorentz Medal in 1962. In 1980 he received the Enrico Fermi Award from the US Government for exceptional contribution to the science of atomic energy.^[6]

On 2 October 2004, the building housing the sub-department of Theoretical Physics at the University of Oxford was formally named the Sir Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics.

1. ^ ^{a b c} Edwards, Sam. "Rudolph E. Peierls". Physics Today. February 1996. January 27, 2004. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=9602090338&site=ehost-live>. 74, 75
2. ^ 1. R.E. Peierls, "Zur Theorie der galvanomagnetischen Effekte", 1929. 2. R.E. Peierls, "Zur Theorie des Hall Effekts", 1929. The English translation of these 2 papers can be found in "Selected Scientific Papers of Sir Rudolf Peierls", edited by R H Dalitz & Sir Rudolf Peierls, World Scientific, 1997.
3. ^ Sherrow, Victoria. The Making of the Atom Bomb. San Diego: Lucent Books, 2000. 24
4. ^ Durr, Matin. New spy claims meet firm denial". Physics web. July 1, 1999. January 27, 2004. <http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/3014>.
5. ^ Cohen, Daniel. The Manhattan Project. Brookfield: Twenty-First Century Books, 1999. 69
6. ^ http://www.sc.doe.gov/sc-5/fermi/html/Laureates/1980s/rudolfe.htm

• Selected Scientific Papers of Sir Rudolf Peierls, edited by R H Dalitz & Sir Rudolf Peierls, World Scientific Series in 20th Century Physics, Volume 19, 1997.
• Sir Rudolf Peierls: Selected Private and Scientific Correspondence Volume 1, by Sabine Lee (University of Birmingham, UK).
• Pictures in the National Portrait Gallery, London.
• Annotated bibliography for Rudolf Peierls from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
• Rudolph Peierls own biographical notes from Los Alamos National Laboratory as a pdf