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The Rhoxolani were a Sarmatian people, who are believed to be an off-shoot of the Alans. Their first recorded homeland lay between the Don and Dnieper rivers; they migrated in the 1st century BC toward the Danube, to what is now the Baragan steppes in Romania.

The Greco-Roman historian Strabo (late first century BC-early first century AD) described them as "wagon-dwellers" (i.e. nomads) (Geographika, Book VII).

Around 100 BC they invaded the Crimea under their king Tasius in support of the Scythian warlord Palacus but were defeated by Diophantus, general of Mithradates VI.

In the mid-first century AD, the Rhoxolani began making incursions across the Danube into Roman territory. One such raid in AD68/69 was intercepted by the Legio III Gallica with Roman auxiliaries, who destroyed a raiding force of 9,000 Roxolanian cavalry encumbered by baggage. Tacitus (Hist. Bk1.79) describes the weight of the armor worn by the 'princes and most distinguished persons' made 'it difficult for such as have been overthrown by the charge of the enemy to regain their feet' The long two-handed kontos lance, the primary melee weapon of the Sarmatians, was unusable in these conditions. The Rhoxolani avenged themselves in AD92, when they joined the Dacians in destroying the Roman Legio XXI Rapax.

During Trajan's Dacian Wars, the Rhoxolani at first sided with the Dacians, providing them with most of their cavalry strength, but they were defeated in the first campaign of AD101-102. They appear to have stood aside as neutrals during Trajan's final campaign of AD105-106, which ended in the complete destruction of the Dacian state. The creation of the Roman province of Dacia brought Roman power to the very doorstep of Rhoxolani territory. The Emperor Hadrian reinforced a series of pre-existing fortifications and built numerous forts along the Danube to contain the Rhoxolani threat.

Later, Marcus Aurelius also campaigned against the Rhoxolani along the Danubian frontier. They are known to have attacked the Roman Province of Pannonia in 260; shortly afterwards contingents of Rhoxolani troops entered Roman military service.

Like other Sarmatian peoples, the Rhoxolani were conquered by the Huns in the mid fourth century and disappeared from history.

A number of Russian anti-Normanist historians have attempted to link the Rhoxolani with the Slavic Rus, who appeared in Eastern Europe some four centuries after the disappearance of the Rhoxolani. Such theories continue to be popular in Russia to this day, though they were generally considered, even before the era of genetic research, as pseudo-science by most academics.

• Strabo's Geographika
• Rhoxolani rulers on Bruce Gordon's Regnal Chronologies

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.