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This article concerns religion in modern Russian Federation. For the history of the subject, see Religion in the Soviet Union and Religion in Russian Empire.

The most widespread religion in Russia is Orthodox Christianity dominated by Russian Orthodox Church. Second largest religion is Islam. Other branches of Christianity present in Russia include various Protestant faiths, Roman Catholicism, and Old Believers. There is some presence of Judaism, Buddhism, and Krishnaism, as well. Shamanism and other pagan beliefs are present to some extent in remote areas, sometimes syncretized with one of the mainstream religions.

Division into different religions takes place primarily along ethnic lines: majority of religious Slavs are Orthodox, majority of religious people of Turkic descent are Muslims.

A considerable portion of the population considers themselves atheists.

Contents 1 Religions 1.1 Orthodox Christianity 1.2 Islam 1.3 Protestantism 1.4 Catholicism 1.5 Atheism 2 Adherents 2.1 Dynamics 3 Registered Religious Organizations 3.1 Christianity 3.1.1 Orthodox Churches 3.1.2 Protestant Churches 3.1.3 Catholic Churches 3.1.4 Other Christian Organizations 3.2 Other Religions 4 See also 5 References

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Detailed analysis of popularity of religions in Russia is complicated by the fact that different approaches to quantifying adherents of different religious groups often give contradictory results.

• The most natural approach is based on self-identification data. The majority of Russian citizens, and as many as 80% of ethnic Russians, self-identify as Russian Orthodox. This makes Russian Orthodox Church by far the most widespread religion, with as many as 70-75 million adult adherents.

Based on self-identification data, population of Russia includes 60% of Russian Orthodox Christians; 5% of Muslim; around 1% of Protestants (including 0.3% of Lutherans); somewhat less that 1% of Roman Catholics and Old Believers. Between 0.5% and 1% of population are adherents of Buddhism. Russian census of 2002 found 230 thousand (0.16%) ethnic Jews in the country, but only 8% of them (0.01% of total population) self-identify as followers of Judaism.

• The so-called "ethnic approach" is primarily useful when applied towards ethnic religious communities that are small and/or compact enough to be "left out" of normal public opinion polls. It based on an assumption that 100% of population of every ethnic minority are adherents of their group's traditional religion. A good example of such a religious community is Assyrian Church of the East, represented in Russia by ethnic Assyrians. With the body of followers of less than 15,000, it wouldn't show up or would fall within the margin of error on any reasonable religious self-identification poll, and its size can only be reasonably inferred from census data using the ethnic approach.

Unfortunately, the ethnic approach is sometimes misused to artificially "inflate" prevalence of certain religions. For example, according to the Russian census of 2002, at least 14 million Russians belong to traditional Islamic ethnic groups (Tatars, Bashkirs, etc.) Due to the worker migration from former Soviet republics, this number may have grown to 20 million by 2007. Consequently, it is often claimed that Islam has 14 million (or even 20-25 million) adherents in Russia. ^[1] On the other hand, self-identification analysis results in a more conservative estimate of 6-7 million adult Muslims.

• One can get radically different results by estimating the number of observant followers of every religion, the reason being that members of many ethnic groups often choose to self-identify as adherents to a certain religion for cultural reasons, although they would not fit any traditional religiousness criteria (church attendance, familiarity with basic dogmas of their faith). For example, even though 80% of ethnic Russians self-identify as Russian Orthodox, less than 10% of them attend church services more than once a month. Similar numbers apply to most Islamic ethnic groups outside Northern Caucasus.

Depending on the exact criteria, it is believed that there are 3-15 million practicing Orthodox Christians and 1.5-4 million practicing Muslims in Russia.^[2] It is difficult to estimate observance of self-identified followers of other religions. The only faiths which are likely not to suffer from this phenomenon as strongly are those without ethnic basis in the country: most branches of Protestantism, New religious movements, Krishnaism, Baha'i.

• Yet another way of comparing relative popularity of various religions in Russia is to look at the numbers of registered local congregations (Christian parishes, Muslim mosques, and so on). According to the Ministry of Justice (MOJ), there were 21,664 registered religious organizations in Russia as of January 1st, 2004, including 20,403 local congregations. 10,767 were Russian Orthodox; 3,397 were Muslim; almost 5,000 were various Protestant organizations and groups; 267 were Old Believers; 256 were Judaic; 235 were Roman Catholic; 180 were Buddhist. However, religions can vary significantly in numbers of followers per congregation, and some religions may be somewhat "under-registered" for various reasons.

Using these numbers, one attempt to estimate numbers of practicing followers of different religions in Russia arrives at the following results: 3-15 million Russian Orthodox; 2.8 million Muslim; over 1.5 million Protestant (including at least 900 thousand Pentecostals); no more than 500 thousand Buddhists; 300 thousand followers of New religious movements; 60-200 thousand Roman Catholic; 50-80 thousand Old Believers.

One experiences similar problems when trying to determine the number of atheists in Russia. As discussed above, the majority of Russians are non-observant, and more than 50% never attend church services of any kind. On the other hand, numbers of those self-identifying as "non-religious" are much lower, and, further, vary wildly from poll to poll (from 14% to 36%). Numbers of self-identified atheists are often as low as 4%. ^{[3] [4]}

Several mechanisms are responsible for gradual changes in the religious structure of Russia.

• Most religions present in Russia are ethnic-based. Expectedly, their prevalence changes as their respective ethnic groups grow or shrink. The most prominent example of this is Judaism -- the number of ethnic Jews in Russia shrunk by more than a factor of 10 since mid-20th century; correspondingly, Judaism is now all but non-existent. Number of Lutherans and Mennonites has declined somewhat since Soviet era due to emigration of Volga Germans. Conversely, the population of Islamic ethnic groups continues to grow (from 8% of total population of the country in 1989 to at least 10% in 2002), and so does prevalence of Islam.
• Missionary work of various Western Protestant and "new religious" groups in Russia since 1990 contributed to growth of a number of non-ethnic religions and faiths.
• There are indications that some traditional religions are on the decline as well. Old believers are down to less than 1% compared to 10% in Czarist Russia. Buddhism is on the decline among its traditional followers in Southern Asia, supplanted by Shamanism.
• On the other hand, the New Age movement has led to emergence of some "non-traditional" religions in large cities. Polls indicate that around 1% of population of Moscow and St.Petersburg self-identify as Buddhists. Many of these are Slavic and have no ethnic connection to Buddhism.
• Like many other developed countries, Russia experiences growth of Neopaganism, but it is difficult to quantify. On one hand, the number of people who believe in various occult and paranormal phenomena is quite high, even comparable to the number of Christians. Slavic mythology is popular. On the other hand, the prevalence of overt neopagans appears to be low.

The following is a detailed breakdown of numbers of registered religious organizations in Russia as of 2004.

11975 organizations, including:

• Russian Orthodox Church: 11,525
• Old believers (a breakaway faction of the Russian Orthodox Church): 284 (divided among 4 groups)
• Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church: 41
• Russian Orthodox Church Abroad: 45
• Molokan: 28
• Russian True Orthodox Church: 24
• Russian Orthodox Free Church: 16
• Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchate: 11
• Dukhobor: 1

4514 organizations.

• Pentecostals: 1,467
• Baptists: 979
• Evangelicals: 698
• Seventh-day Adventist: 646
• Lutheran: 219 (divided among 4 groups)
• Presbyterian: 176
• Methodist: 105
• New Apostolic: 81
• Various evangelical groups (Word of Faith, Apostolic, "teetotallers"): 70
• Salvation Army: 32
• Church of Christ: 26
• Mennonite: 9
• Reformist: 5
• Anglican: 1

313 organizations.

• Roman Catholic: 248
• Armenian Apostolic: 60
• Greek Catholic: 5

507 organizations.

• Jehovah's Witnesses: 386
• The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons): 50
• Church of the "Sovereign" Icon of the Mother of God: 27
• Church of the Last Testament: 11
• Unification Church: 9
• non-denominational Christian: 24

4355 organizations.

• Islam: 3,537
• Judaism: 267 (divided among Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform groups).
  • Karaite: 1
• Buddhism: 192
• Krishnaism: 80
• Baha'i: 20
• Shamanism: 14
• Pagan: 11
• Taoism: 6
• Assyrian: 2
• Scientology: 2
• Tantra: 2
• Hinduism: 1
• Sikh: 1
• Zoroastrianism: 1
• Spiritual Unity (Tolstoyan): 1
• Living Ethics (Rerikhian): 1
• Other Confessions: 216

• Religion in the Soviet Union
• Buddhism in Russia
• Islam in Russia
• Judaism in Russia

1. ^ Fact Box: Muslims In Russia
2. ^ Religion in Modern Russian Society (Russian)
3. ^ [1]
4. ^ [2]

• International Religious Freedom Report 2004: Russia
• Statistics of Russian Religiousness (Russian)
• Confessional Structure of Russian Population (Russian)
• Registered Religious Organizations as of January 1, 2004; Ministry of Justice data (Russian)

See also:

• Russia has a Muslim dilemma (article in San Francisco Chronicle)
• Muslims In Russia
• Religious minorities in Russia and Lithuania (Russian)