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Raedwald, son of Tytila, was King of the East Angles from c 600 AD until his death in c 624 AD. From c 616 he became the most powerful of the English rulers south of the River Humber, and by military action installed a Northumbrian ruler acquiescent to his authority. He was the first East Anglian ruler to receive Christian teaching and baptism (from the Canterbury mission), and helped to ensure its survival during the apostasy of Essex and Kent. He is the most favoured identification for the famous Sutton Hoo ship-burial. In the late 9th century he is recorded in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle as being a Bretwalda.

Contents 1 Chronology 2 The context of Raedwald’s kingdom 3 Raedwald’s family 4 Raedwald’s early reign 5 The exile of Edwin 6 The deliberation of war 7 The Battle of the River Idle (616) 8 Raedwald’s imperium 9 Gipeswic 10 Raedwald and Sutton Hoo 11 References 12 Further reading

The earliest and fullest source for Raedwald is Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica, which places his reign between the advent of the Augustinian mission to Kent (597) and the marriage and conversion of Edwin of Northumbria (625-26). A set of annals in late compilations (of uncertain authority) records Raedwald’s death twice, in 599 and 624, so possibly the missing annal for 599 was for Tytila’s death and Raedwald’s accession.

During Raedwald’s young life the ruling houses of other kingdoms were becoming strongly established. Aethelberht of Kent (ruled c 560-616) was married to Bercta, Christian daughter of the Frankish ruler Charibert of Paris. Ceawlin of Wessex, most powerful ruler south of the Humber, repulsed Aethelberht’s inroads from Kent until c 584, when after fighting the British in Oxfordshire his power waned and Aethelberht obtained a similar authority. In Mercia the shadowy figure of Creoda, descendant of Icel, established his family’s importance.

North of the River Humber the two kingdoms of Deira (centred on York) and the more northerly Bernicia (centred on Bamburgh) had rival dynasties. Aelle of Deira ruled until his death in 588, leaving a daughter Acha and son Edwin and another sibling. The Bernician dynasty (allied by kinship to Wessex) was gaining ascendancy, and Edwin grew up in exile in the court of Cadfan ap Iago of Gwynedd. In various wars the Bernician Aethelfrith consolidated the Northumbrian state, and in c 604 brought Deira under his own dominion.

Raedwald’s descent from Wuffa, the eponymous founder of the Wuffinga dynasty, is stated by Bede.^[1] He was born c560-580 and was (probably elder) brother of Eni. Possibly during the 590s he married a woman of pagan custom and high moral principle whose name is unknown. By her he sired at least two sons, Raegenhere (? the elder) and Eorpwald. He also had an older son or stepson named Sigeberht.

The name ‘Sigeberht’ is unlike any other Wuffing name, but typical of the East Saxon dynasty. Sledda of Essex (ruled c 587-604) married Ricula, sister of AEthelbert of Kent. Aethelberht supported the succession of his nephew Saeberht, their son, in Essex, and both kings became Christian soon afterwards. It is suggested that Raedwald’s wife had previously been married to a member of that family and that Sigeberht was (as William of Malmesbury reports) Raedwald’s stepson. Sigeberht (who grew up in a pagan household) earned the enmity of Raedwald, who drove him into exile in Gaul possibly to protect his own bloodline.

If that deduction is correct, Raedwald’s marriage brought him directly into the sphere of Kent and Essex but with independent authority. The outstanding fact of his early reign was the recent arrival of Augustine of Canterbury and his mission from Rome, sent by Gregory the Great, and (during the early 600s) the conversion of Aethelberht and Saeberht, and the establishment of bishoprics in Kent and Essex.

Raedwald also received the Christian sacraments in Kent, presumably at the invitation of Aethelberht who may have been his baptismal sponsor. The date of this initiation is not exactly known, but since it is claimed that Saint Augustine himself (d. c 605) dedicated a church near Ely, it may have followed Saeberht’s conversion fairly swiftly. In this way Raedwald became aligned with AEthelberht’s system of authority. Bede states that even during Aethelbert’s lifetime Raedwald was building up the leadership of the southern English for his own nation of East Angles.

In East Anglia Raedwald’s conversion was not universally acceptable to his household, nor to his wife. She and her pagan teachers probably persuaded him to default in part from his commitment to it. In his temple, therefore, there were two altars, one dedicated to Christ, and one for dedications to the deities favoured by his forefathers.

Aethelfrith, the builder of the Northumbrian kingdom, had married Acha daughter of Aelle of Deira, and persued her exiled brother Edwin seeking to destroy him, so that the Bernician rulership of all Northumbria should be unchallenged. Edwin had found hospitality in Mercia in the household of its ruler Cearl, married his daughter and produced two sons. Edwin’s nephew Hereric, an exile in the British kingdom of Elmet, was treacherously slain there. Edwin wandered secretly as a fugitive through various kingdoms, and at last sought the protection of Raedwald in East Anglia.

Raedwald received him willingly and promised to protect him, and Edwin lived on familiar terms with the king and among his royal companions. When news of this reached Aethelfrith he sent messengers offering much money to Raedwald for Edwin’s death, but to no avail. He sent a second and a third time, offering greater gifts of silver, and promising war if they were not accepted. This was a direct confrontation of territorial influence.^[2] Raedwald was weakened and promised either to kill him or hand him over to ambassadors.

Edwin was offered the chance to escape, but refused. He was then visited by a stranger who was aware of Raedwald’s deliberations. A source written at Whitby states that this was Paulinus, a member of the Canterbury mission. He offered Edwin the hope of Raedwald’s support, and held out the prospect that Edwin might someday attain greater royal power than any before him among the English.

These offers would have been empty if Raedwald was not contemplating war, and had not foreseen the future power of Northumbria. Raedwald’s pagan queen admonished him that a king ought not to betray his trust, more precious than any ornament, for the sake of money, nor sell his imperilled friend for gold. Paulinus had Edwin’s assurance that he would accept his religious teaching if he survived and came into such power. Once the ambassadors had gone, Raedwald resolved on war.^[3]

Raedwald rapidly assembled a large army and marched north to confront Aethelfrith before he had time to gather all his forces. Raedwald’s influence in Lindsey is indicated by the fact that he met Aethelfrith just across the River Trent, its western boundary, on the east bank of the River Idle between Gainsborough and Bawtry. Aethelfrith was killed, and Raedwald’s son Raegenhere also died in the battle. Edwin thereupon succeeded Aethelfrith as ruler in Northumbria, and Aethelfrith's sons went into exile among the Picts and Scots.

A separate account of the battle given by Henry of Huntingdon states that Raedwald’s army was (like a legion) in three formations, led by Raedwald, Raegenhere and Edwin. With more experienced fighters, Aethelfrith attacked in loose formation. At the sight of Raegenhere (quasi praeda inventa – perhaps thinking he was Edwin) they cut their way through to him and slew him. Raedwald then furiously breached his lines and killed Aethelfrith amid a great slaughter of the Northumbrians.

At about the time of this battle or soon after, Aethelberht of Kent died and was succeeded by his son Eadbald, not yet a Christian. Saebert of Essex had also died and his three sons shared their kingdom under pagan rule, driving out Bishop Mellitus. The Canterbury mission had already almost entirely removed to Gaul for safety before Eadbald was brought back into the fold. In this period therefore Raedwald’s was the only royal Christian altar in England. By the time of Raedwald’s death the mission in Kent was fully re-established.

Through his action Raedwald’s authority became sufficiently universal for Bede to recognise him as the successor to the imperium of Ceawlin and Aethelberht. He also calls him Rex Anglorum (King of the Angles). By Edwin’s debt of allegiance to him, Raedwald became the first to hold direct influence in Northumbria, and he probably supported Edwin's subjection of Bernicia.^[4] His authority in Kent is specified, for Bede notes that this was not afterwards obtained by Edwin. As foreseen before the battle, Edwin gained imperium after Raedwald’s death, fulfilled his promise to become Christian, and married the sister of Eadbald of Kent.

During the first quarter of the 7th century the quayside settlement at Gipeswic (Ipswich) began to assume importance as an estuarine trading centre receiving imports of pottery (and presumably other goods) from the Rhineland areas of Merovingian Gaul. It is likely that the development of this site took place under royal supervision. Although it took another hundred years for Gipeswic to develop as a town, its beginnings probably reflect the personal importance of Raedwald during the age of his supremacy.

With the exception of one furnished grave probably of a Rhineland visitor, the excavated grave-goods and rituals of its cemetery (including burials under small barrows) are not particularly wealthy or elaborate, and lack the strong characterization of the neighbouring late 6th century cemetery at a higher crossing of the river (Hadleigh Road).

The identification of the Sutton Hoo Mound 1 ship-burial with Raedwald cannot be proved. However the magnificence of the ritual and possessions, the far-reaching connections which they demonstrate, and the inclusion of objects denoting the personal authority of the individual buried there, definitely point to a person of very exceptional status. Raedwald is the most likely candidate, though others have been suggested.^[5]

The date-horizon shows that this person lived in the time of Raedwald. The gold and garnet body-equipment was produced for a patron employing a goldsmith the equal or better than any in Europe, and was designed to project an image of imperial power. The Mediterranean silverware in the grave is a unique assemblage for its period in Europe, and the inclusion of bowls and spoons which have been interpreted as baptismal gifts does not conflict with the story of Raedwald’s conversion.

The ship-burial ritual itself, and the strong connections of the armour with the Vendel-age productions of eastern Sweden, suggest genealogical associations of the kind described in the poem Beowulf. Within thirty years of the date of the burial, it is certain that the neighbourhood of Sutton Hoo (in particular, Rendlesham^[6] was a focus of patronage of Raedwald’s family heirs.

The interpretation of Raedwald’s kingdom and authority through the burial and artefacts requires a personal identification which cannot absolutely be made. Even so, the assemblage illustrates beyond doubt the spectacular riches, contacts and personal culture of the foremost East Anglian patron of his age. No comparable testimony survives in any other English context of this period.

1. ^ Bede, H.E. ii.15.
2. ^ Kirby 1991, 52, 61.
3. ^ Bede, H. E. ii.12.
4. ^ Kirby 1991, 61–62.
5. ^ Campbell 2000.
6. ^ Bede, H.E. iii.22.

• The Venerable Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, ed. B. Colgrave and R.A.B. Mynors (Oxford 1969).
• R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford, Aspects of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology: Sutton Hoo and other discoveries (London 1974).
• R.L.S. Bruce-Mitford, The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial (Vol I) (London 1975).
• J. Campbell, The Impact of the Sutton Hoo Discovery, in The Anglo-Saxon State (Hambledon & London, London, 2000). ISBN 1-85285-176-7
• D. Dumville, 1976, The Anglian Collection of royal genealogies and regnal lists, Anglo-Saxon England 5, 23-50.
• N.J. Higham, Raedwald, in M. Lapidge et al (eds), The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England (Blackwell, London 1999). ISBN 0-631-22492-0
• D.P. Kirby, The Earliest English Kings (london 1991).
• S. Newton, The origins of Beowulf and the Pre-Viking Kingdom of East Anglia (Cambridge 1993).
• S. Newton, The Reckoning of King Raedwald (Brightlingsea 2003).
• S. Plunkett, Suffolk in Anglo-Saxon Times (Tempus 2005).
• F.M. Stenton, 1959, The East Anglian Kings in the seventh century, in P. Clemoes (ed.), The Anglo-Saxons: Studies presented to Bruce Dickens (London 1959).
• B. Yorke, Kings and kingdoms of early Anglo-Saxon England (London 1990).

Preceded by Tyttla	King of East Anglia ?with Eni, c617 – 624 599 – 624	Succeeded by Eorpwald
Preceded by Ethelbert of Kent	Bretwalda	Succeeded by Edwin of Northumbria