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Politics of Peru
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Politics of Peru takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Peru is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Congress. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.
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The Republic of Peru is in a state of ongoing democratization. Led by President Alan García, the executive branch is attempting to be transparent and accountable. Previously a rubberstamp body, Peru's unicameral Congress is emerging as a strong counterbalance to the once-dominant executive branch, with increased oversight and investigative powers. The executive branch and Congress are attempting to reform the judicial branch, antiquated and rife with corruption.
Peruvians, whose expectations were raised during the 2000 and 2001 election campaigns, are frustrated at the slow pace of economic recovery and job creation. As discontent rises, the Toledo administration is in a race to strengthen the economy so that popular pressures do not force a shift to more radical measures. So far, the Toledo government remains committed to neoliberal economic policies and structural reform in the hope of attracting sufficient international investment to generate growth and job creation.
Other important political currents stem from the ongoing investigation of Fujimori-era corruption (notably the proceedings against Fujimori's former advisor, Vladimiro Montesinos), and an increase in activities by the insurgent group Sendero Luminoso. The recent trial of Abimael Guzmán has been suspended, due in part to Guzmán's use of it as a forum for broadcasting Sendero Luminoso propaganda.
Regarding the latter, the Toledo government has been forced to consider putting resources back into the security forces which they had been hoping to use to fund social programs.
Another relevant opposition leader is nationalist and former military commander Ollanta Humala.
After the impeachment of Fujimori (at present in jail), Alejandro Toledo could not run for the presidency again. The most recent presidential election was held on Sunday, April 9, 2006, and more than 16 million Peruvians were eligible to vote worldwide. No candidate received more than 50% of the vote, so a runoff election was held in June.
After a bitter and often vitriolic campaign, disgraced former President Alan Garcia won with 53.1% of the vote. Nationalist rival and former coup-plotter, Ollanta Humala, received 46.9%. Mr Garcia, whose first presidency in 1985-1990 was blighted by record-breaking hyperinflation, debt-default, wide-scale corruption and a Maoist insurgency, says that he's learned from his mistakes.
| Office | Name | Party | Since |
|---|---|---|---|
| President | Alan García Pérez | PAP | 28 July 2006 |
| Prime Minister | Jorge Del Castillo | PAP | 28 July 2006 |
The President of Peru is popularly elected for a five-year term, and the 1993 constitution permits one consecutive re-election. All citizens above the age of eighteen are entitled and in fact compelled to vote. The first and second vice presidents also are popularly elected but have no constitutional functions unless the president is unable to discharge his duties.
The President appoints the Council of Ministers (Consejo de Ministros, or Cabinet) and Prime Minister (primer ministro). All presidential decree laws or draft bills sent to Congress must be approved by the Council of Ministers. The Prime Minister Jorge Del Castillo has occupied his position since 28 July 2006, replacing Pedro Pablo Kuczynski.
The legislative branch consists of a unicameral Congress (Congreso) of 120 members. elected for a five-year term by proportional representation In addition to passing laws, Congress ratifies treaties, authorizes government loans, and approves the government budget. The president has the power to block legislation with which the executive branch does not agree.
| Candidates - Parties | Votes 1st round | % (Valid Votes) | Votes 2nd round | % (Valid Votes) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ollanta Humala Tasso - Union for Peru (Unión por el Perú) | 3,758,258 | 30.616 | 6,270,080 | 47.375 | |
| Alan García Pérez - Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano) | 2,985,858 | 24.324 | 6,965,017 | 52.625 | |
| Lourdes Flores Nano - National Unity (Unidad Nacional) | 2,923,280 | 23.814 | - | - | |
| Martha Chávez Cossio - Alliance for the Future (Alianza por el Futuro) | 912,420 | 7.433 | - | - | |
| Valentín Paniagua Corazao - Center Front (Frente de Centro) | 706,156 | 5.753 | - | - | |
| Humberto Lay Sun - National Restoration (Restauración Nacional) | 537,564 | 4.379 | - | - | |
| Susana Villarán - Decentralization Coalition (Concertación Descentralista) | 76,105 | 0.620 | - | - | |
| Jaime Salinas - National Justice (Justicia Nacional) | 65,636 | 0.535 | - | - | |
| Javier Diez Canseco - Socialist Party (Partido Socialista) | 60,955 | 0.497 | - | - | |
| Natale Amprimo - Alliance for Progress (Alianza Para el Progreso) | 49,332 | 0.402 | - | - | |
| Pedro Koechlin Von Stein - With Force Peru (Con Fuerza Perú) | 38,212 | 0.311 | - | - | |
| Alberto Moreno - New Left Movement (Movimiento Nueva Izquierda) | 33,918 | 0.276 | - | - | |
| Alberto Borea - Democratic Force (Fuerza Democrática) | 24,584 | 0.200 | - | - | |
| Ulises Humala - Go On Country (Avanza País) | 24,518 | 0.200 | - | - | |
| Ciro Gálvez - Andean Renaissance (Renacimiento Andino) | 22,892 | 0.186 | - | - | |
| Javier Espinoza - Let's Make Progress Peru (Progresemos Perú) | 13,965 | 0.114 | - | - | |
| José Cardó Guarderas - Democratic Reconstruction (Reconstrucción Democrática) | 11,925 | 0.097 | - | - | |
| Ántero Asto - Peruvian Resurgence (Resurgimiento Peruano) | 10,857 | 0.088 | - | - | |
| Ricardo Wong - And It's Called Peru (Y se llama Perú) | 10,539 | 0.086 | - | - | |
| Luis Guerrero - Peru Now (Perú Ahora) | 8,410 | 0.069 | - | - | |
| Total valid (Turnout: 1st Round 88.706 %, 2nd Round 87.712 %) | 12,275,384 | 100 | 13,235,097 | 100 | |
| Blank | 1,737,045 | 11.872 | 157,863 | 1.091 | |
| Invalid | 619,574 | 4.234 | 1,075,089 | 7.431 | |
| Source: National Office of Electoral Processes. | |||||
| Parties | Congress | Andean Parliament | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % (Valid) | Seats | Votes | % (Valid) | Seats | Substitutes | |
Union for Peru (Unión por el Perú)
|
2,274,739 | 21.154 | 45 | 2,044,862 | 23.969 | 2 | 4 |
| Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano) | 2,213,562 | 20.586 | 36 | 1,927,834 | 22.597 | 2 | 4 |
National Unity (Unidad Nacional)
|
1,648,577 | 15.331 | 17 | 1,812,384 | 21.244 | 1 | 2 |
Alliance for the Future (Alianza por el Futuro)
|
1,408,055 | 13.095 | 13 | 793,443 | 9.300 | 0 | 0 |
Center Front (Frente del Centro)
|
760,245 | 7.070 | 5 | 479,367 | 5.619 | 0 | 0 |
| Possible Peru (Perú Posible) | 441,441 | 4.105 | 2 | 193,685 | 2.270 | 0 | 0 |
| National Restoration (Restauración Nacional) | 432,191 | 4.019 | 2 | 435,845 | 5.109 | 0 | 0 |
| Alliance for Progress (Alianza Para el Progreso) | 248,437 | 2.310 | 0 | 140,506 | 1.647 | 0 | 0 |
| Independent Moralizing Front (Frente Independiente Moralizador) | 156,418 | 1.455 | 0 | 77,514 | 0.909 | 0 | 0 |
| Democratic Force (Fuerza Democrática) | 153,435 | 1.427 | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| National Justice (Justicia Nacional) | 151,163 | 1.406 | 0 | 96,982 | 1.137 | 0 | 0 |
| Socialist Party (Partido Socialista) | 134,164 | 1.248 | 0 | 140,092 | 1.642 | 0 | 0 |
New Left Movement (Movimiento Nueva Izquierda)
|
133,102 | 1.238 | 0 | 81,699 | 0.958 | 0 | 0 |
| Go on Country (Avanza País) | 122,653 | 1.141 | 0 | 64,220 | 0.753 | 0 | 0 |
Decentralization Coalition (Concertación Descentralista)
|
91,783 | 0.854 | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Agricultural People's Front of Peru (Frente Popular Agrícola FIA del Perú - FREPAP) |
85,019 | 0.791 | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Andean Renaissance (Renacimiento Andino) | 75,444 | 0.702 | 0 | 53,071 | 0.622 | 0 | 0 |
| With Force Peru (Con Fuerza Perú) | 71,383 | 0.664 | 0 | 95,598 | 1.121 | 0 | 0 |
| Peru Now (Perú Ahora) | 46,439 | 0.432 | 0 | 24,571 | 0.288 | 0 | 0 |
| Democratic Reconstruction (Reconstrucción Democrática) | 28,775 | 0.268 | 0 | 27,397 | 0.321 | 0 | 0 |
| Project Country (Proyecto País) | 21,539 | 0.200 | 0 | 20,312 | 0.238 | 0 | 0 |
| Peruvian Resurgence (Resurgimiento Peruano) | 20,579 | 0.191 | 0 | 22,055 | 0.259 | 0 | 0 |
| And It's Called Peru (Y se llama Perú) | 19,859 | 0.185 | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Let's Make Progress Peru (Progresemos Perú) | 13,998 | 0.130 | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Total valid | 10,753,000 | 100 | 120 | 8,531,437 | 100 | 5 | 10 |
| Blank | 1,682,753 | 11.543 | 4,133,224 | 28.261 | |||
| Invalid | 2,117,929 | 14.792 | 1,960,563 | 13.405 | |||
| Source: National Office of Electoral Processes | |||||||
So there I was balls deep in this guy when he turned around and tried to kiss me. Im like what are you gay??
The judicial branch of government is headed by a 16-member Supreme Court seated in Lima. The National Council of the Judiciary appoints judges to this court.
The Constitutional Court (Tribunal Constitucional) interprets the constitution on matters of individual rights. Superior courts in departmental capitals review appeals from decisions by lower courts. Courts of first instance are located in provincial capitals and are divided into civil, penal, and special chambers. The judiciary has created several temporary specialized courts in an attempt to reduce the large backlog of cases pending final court action.
Peru's legal system is based on civil law system. Peru has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction. In 1996 a human rights ombudsman's office (defensor del pueblo) was created to address human rights issues.
Peru's territory, according to the Regionalization Law which was passed on 18 November 2002, is divided into 25 regions (regiones). These regions are subdivided into provinces, which are composed of districts. There are a total of 180 provinces and 1747 districts in Peru.
Lima Province is not part of any political region.
Leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path Abimael Guzmán (imprisoned), Gabriel Macario (top leader at-large); Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement or MRTA Victor Polay (imprisoned), Hugo Avellaneda Valdez (top leader at-large). Both Shining Path & MRTA are considered terrorist organizations.
Peru or Peruvian organizations participate in the following international organizations:
- Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
- Andean Community of Nations (CAN)
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
- Group of Fifteen (G-15)
- Group of Twenty-Four (G-24)
- Group of 77 (G-77)
- Inter-American Development Bank (IADB)
- International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
- International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank)
- International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
- International Criminal Court (ICC)
- International Chamber of Commerce (ICC)
- International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU)
- International Red Cross
- International Development Association (IDA)
- International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
- International Finance Corporation (IFC)
- International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS)
- International Hydrographic Organization (IHO)
- International Labour Organization (ILO)
- IMF, International Maritime Organization (IMO)
- Interpol
- IOC
- International Organization for Migration (IOM)
- International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (correspondent)
- International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
- Latin American Economic System (LAES)
- Latin American Integration Association (LAIA)
- United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC)
- Nonaligned Movement (NAM)
- OAS
- Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL)
- Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
- Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)
- Rio Group (RG)
- Union of South American Nations(Unasul-Unasur)
- United Nations
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)
- United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
- United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
- United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE)
- United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL)
- Universal Postal Union (UPU)
- World Confederation of Labor (WCL)
- World Customs Organization (WCO)
- World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)
- World Health Organization (WHO)
- World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
- World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
- World Tourism Organization (WToO)
- World Trade Organization (WTrO)
 Major topics in Peru |
|
|---|---|
| History | Timeline (Ancient civilizations · Inca Empire · Spanish conquest · Viceroyalty · War of Independence · Guano era · War of the Pacific · Colombia-Peru War · Ecuadorian-Peruvian war · Internal conflict) · Demographic · Economic · Military |
| Geography | Cities · Earthquakes · Fauna · Flora · Mountains · Natural regions · Protected areas · Rivers |
| Government | Constitution · Regions and provinces · Foreign relations · Military · Law · Law enforcement · Nationality law · Electoral system |
| Politics | Political parties (APRA, Union for Peru, National Unity, Alliance for the Future, Popular Action, Peru Possible, Peruvian Nationalist Party) · Elections |
| Economy | Agriculture · Central Bank · Communications · Companies · Currency · Stock Exchange · Transport |
| Culture | Architecture · Art · Cinema · Cuisine · Demographics · Education · Languages · Literature · Media · Music · Public holidays · Religion · Sport |
| Other | List of Peruvians · Human rights · International rankings · Llama · Macchu Pichu |
| See also Portal:Peru | |
- Center for Reproductive Rights Report (PDF format)
- Council on Foreign Relations: Peru's Elections
- Local governments in Peru
- Peru's 2006 Elections
- Peru's 2006 Elections
- Peru's Political Situation and Debate Forum
- Public Opinion in Peru
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| Sovereign states | Argentina · Bolivia · Brazil · Chile · Colombia · Ecuador · Guyana · Panama* · Paraguay · Peru · Suriname · Trinidad and Tobago* · Uruguay · Venezuela |  |
| Dependencies | Aruba* (Netherlands) · Falkland Islands (UK) · French Guiana (France) · Netherlands Antilles* (Netherlands) · South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (UK) | |
| * Territories also in or commonly reckoned elsewhere in the Americas (North America). | ||