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A patent examiner or patent clerk ^[1] is an employee, usually a civil servant, working within a patent office. Major employers of patent examiners are the European Patent Office (EPO), the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) and the Japan Patent Office.

Contents 1 Work and duties 2 Patent examiners by legislation 2.1 European Patent Organisation 2.2 United States 3 Notable patent examiners and clerks 4 References and notes 5 See also 6 External links

Patent examiners review patent applications to determine whether they should become a patent. The work of patent examiner usually includes searching patent and scientific literature databases for prior art, and substantively examining patent applications, that is examining whether the claimed invention meets the patentability requirements such as novelty, "inventive step" or "non-obviousness", "industrial application" (or "utility") and sufficiency of disclosure.

On April 13, 2007, a "Coalition of Patent Examiner Representatives" expressed its concern that

"in many patent offices, the pressures on examiners to produce and methods of allocating work have reduced the capacity of examiners to provide the quality of examination the peoples of the world deserve [and that] the combined pressures of higher productivity demands, increasingly complex patent applications and an ever-expanding body of relevant patent and non-patent literature have reached such a level that, unless serious measures are taken, meaningful protection of intellectual property throughout the world may, itself, become history."^[2]

European Patent Organisation (EPO) examiners are exempted from work- and residence-permit procedures (but since most of EPC Contracting States are members of the European Union, this is usually not a problem anyway).

The examiners examine patent applications in three official languages (English language, French language, and German language). Examiners are hired for searching databases, document analysis, patent communications, and judging patent validity. Examiners are represented by a trade union, SUEPO.

A qualified examiner possesses the formal following minimums:

• EPO member state nationality,
• Degree in engineering or in science;
• knowledge and ability of the official languages

Some examiners have work experience in industry, but this is not an essential background as there is training in patent examination.^[3] Examiners can specialize in fields of technology in which inventions are patentable under the European Patent Convention (EPC), such as computer science, electricity and semiconductor technology, industrial chemistry, organic chemistry, electronics, horology, mechanical engineering, measuring, optics, telecommunications, polymer chemistry or civil engineering.^[3]

American patent examiners prosecute applications for patents. Examiners are considered to be quasi-judicial, because an appeal of their decision is only three steps away from the Supreme Court. Hired at the GS-5, GS-7, GS-9 or GS-11 grade levels^[4][5] and are currently eligible for two accelerated promotions after six and twelve months of service when they meet the performance of a new examiner. As of July 2007, new examiners are granted a recruitment bonus of $20,000 to $39,600 spread out over four consecutive years of fully successful service^[6].^{[citation needed]} Subsequent promotions are yearly and noncompetitive up to the GS-12 level, provided satisfactory performance is maintained. Further, after successfully demonstrating examination expertise over a thirteen bi-week review period, an examiner is granted Partial Signatory Authority and a GS-13 grade level. After a second thirteen bi-week review period, a successful examiner receives the designation Primary Examiner and a GS-14 grade level.^[7] According to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), an examiner's performance is measured entirely by their own achievement and does not depend on the performance of others.^[8] Legal, technical and automation training is provided to examiners at the USPTO. Considered white collar employees, only a minority of the examiners choose to be members of the representative trade union, Patent Office Professional Association (POPA).

American examiner responsibilities include:

• Reviewing patent applications to determine if they comply with basic format, rules and legal requirements;
• Determining the scope of the protection claimed by the inventor;
• Researching relevant technologies to compare similar prior inventions with the invention claimed in the patent applications; and
• Communicating findings as to the patentability of an applicant's invention via a written action to inventors/patent practitioners.

A qualified examiner with the USPTO is a United States citizen and holds at a minimum a Bachelor degree in one of the physical sciences, life sciences, engineering disciplines, or in computer science, and develops a level of expertise in patent law. Advanced academic degrees and relevant work experience in the technical area are not uncommon either. Specific fields^[9] include computer science (with calculus, differential equations and statistics), electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, industrial engineering, agriculture engineering, biomedical engineering, ceramic engineering, textile engineering, computer hardware and software engineering, transportation and construction engineering, metallurgy, materials engineering, physics, chemical engineering, organic chemistry, chemistry, biology, and pharmacology.

• Genrich Altshuller, (1926-1998)^[10][11]
• Clara Barton, (1821–1912), worked at the United States Patent Office (Currently the USPTO)^[12][13][14]
• Albert Einstein, (1879–1955), worked at the Swiss Patent Office^[15]
• Thomas Jefferson, first patent examiner of the U.S. Patent Office^[16]
• Thomas P. Jones, (1774-1848), engineer and publisher, worked at the US Patent Office^{[citation needed]}
• Arthur Paul Pedrick, UK Patent Office examiner and, subsequently, prolific inventor^[17]
• Richard Bissell Prosser, (1838-1918), worked at the United Kingdom Patent Office^{[citation needed]}
• Johan Vaaler, (1866–1910)^{[citation needed]}
• George Washington^{[citation needed]}
• Walt Whitman, American poet^{[citation needed]}

• Law clerk
• List of professions
• Patent attorney
• Patent engineer
• Patent Office Professional Association, the United States patent examiners trade union
• Trademark examiner
• United States Patent Classification

• John W. Schoen, "U.S. patent office swamped by backlog; Without more funding, wait time could top 5 years". MSNBC, April 27, 2004. (ed., comments on problems and that 2900 new examiners are being sought by the USPTO.)
• Report to Congressional Committees 2005 "USPTO Has Made Progress in Hiring Examiners, but Challenges to Retention Remain" "[1] "