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Papal abdication occurs in the Catholic Church when the Pope resigns his office.

In 1294, Pope Celestine V promulgated a Canon law explicitly establishing the right to resign the office of Pope, and did so himself after being in office only about five months. Before his election, he had lived as a hermit, and afterwards considered himself unworthy to fulfill the duties of the papacy. He lived some two years after his abdication.

Before Pope Celestine V, there were a few cases of abdication, although the details remain somewhat cloudy. Some scholars have suggested that Pope Marcellinus abdicated in 308 and Pope Liberius in 366; however, the details are uncertain. There are, however, several confirmed instances of papal abdication. Pope Benedict IX, who was accused of causing scandal by his disorderly life, abdicated in 1044 to join a monastery. Pope Gregory VI abdicated in 1046 in answer to (probably unfounded) charges of simony.

The last pope to abdicate was Pope Gregory XII in 1409; he did so to end the Western Schism. At the time, there were three claimants to the papal throne, Roman Pope Gregory XII, Avignon Pope Benedict XIII, and Antipope John XXIII, successor of the election at the Council of Pisa. A council had convened at Konstanz to end the schism. Pope Gregory XII, the legitimate pope, sent legates to formally convoke the council, so that it would be a valid Ecumenical council, and to present his resignation of the office, thereby allowing the free election of a successor.

There have long been rumors that Pope John Paul II threatened to resign during the period of martial law in his native Poland, in order to lead the political opposition against the Communists' suppression of religious and other rights. In the years leading up to his death in 2005, many suggested that John Paul II ought to have abdicated due to his failing health. Vatican officials repeatedly quelled rumors of that possibility.

Abdication is considered dangerous by some Catholic thinkers, as it leaves open the possibility that those who dislike the new Pope will claim that there was a conspiracy to oust the old one and that the new Pope might therefore be an antipope. Also, as the Pope is believed to be the hand of God on Earth, resignation due to ill health could appear to be an affront to God, who has chosen not to take the person from the Earth as yet. Politically speaking, abdication presents the problem of "two Popes" living at the same time, with the danger of dividing popular loyalties, especially if the abdicated ex-Pope were to ever publicly express dissent, even mildly, with the reigning Pontiff on any moral or political question.

• Sede vacante
• Papal election

• Catholic Encyclopedia article