From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The North Sea is a part of the Atlantic Ocean, located between Norway and Denmark in the east, Scotland and England in the west, and Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France in the south. An offshoot of the North Sea is the Skagerrak, between Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, which connects to the Baltic Sea through the Kattegat, Öresund, the Great Belt and the Little Belt. In the south, the North Sea connects with the rest of the Atlantic through the Strait of Dover into the English Channel and in the north through the Norwegian Sea.

Major rivers that drain into the North Sea include the Forth at Edinburgh, Ythan in northern Scotland, Elbe (at Cuxhaven), the Weser (at Bremerhaven), the Ems at Emden, the Rhine and Meuse (at Rotterdam), the Scheldt (at Flushing), the Thames, and the Humber (at Hull). The Kiel Canal, one of the world's busiest artificial waterways, connects the North Sea with the Baltic.

Contents 1 Naming 2 History 3 Natural resources 3.1 Offshore wind farms 4 See also 4.1 Articles 4.2 Lists 5 References 6 External links

Its name originates from its relationship to the land of the Frisians (see Frisia). They live directly to the south of the North Sea, and to the west of the East Sea (Oostzee, the Baltic Sea), the former South Sea (Zuiderzee, today's IJsselmeer) and the today reclaimed Middle Sea (Middelzee).

In classical times this body of water was also referred to as the Oceanum- or Mare Germanicum, meaning Germanic Ocean or Sea. This name was commonly used in English and other languages along with the name North Sea, until the early eighteenth century. By the late nineteenth century, Germanic Sea was a rare, scholarly usage. In Danish the North Sea is also named Vesterhavet (besides Nordsøen), meaning Western Ocean as it is located west of Denmark.

The bed of the North Sea forms two basins. The main northern one lies to the north of a ridge between north Norfolk and Frisia. The southern basin, if not flooded, would now drain towards the Strait of Dover thence to the English Channel. During the Devensian glacial much of the northern basin was covered by the ice sheet and the remainder, including the southern basin, was tundra. However, during the Cromerian, there was a natural dam of chalk between the South Foreland and Cap Blanc Nez. This is what is normally called the "Strait of Dover Land Bridge" but, since it collapsed (probably mainly during the Anglian glacial), the lower ridge mentioned above has been the highest part of the land bridge between continental Europe and Great Britain during periods when the volume of land ice in the world has led to low levels of the oceanic surface. The Channel Tunnel runs through the chalk base of the former natural dam so that the approach routes to the tunnel afford good views of the landward ends of the dam as they remain today.

There is a substantial amount of petroleum and natural gas under the seabed; however, as recognised by the energy policy of the United Kingdom this production is declining and must be supplanted by other sources - see North Sea oil.

There are substantial flora and fauna resources at the land margin of the North Sea; for example, on the coast of the United Kingdom there are numerous nature reserves including the Ythan Estuary, Fowlsheugh Nature Preserve and Farne Islands. These locations provide specialised breeding habitat for terns, Atlantic puffins, razorbills, kittiwakes and other seabirds.

Historically there have been substantial marine fisheries in the North Sea; however, overfishing due to human overpopulation has rendered some of these resources unproductive, with resultant disturbance of food chain dynamics as well as loss of jobs in the fishing industry.^[1]

Due to the prevailing strong winds the North Sea offers great potential for offshore windfarms. A small number has been commissioned (Horns Rev and Scroby Sands for example) and several more are in the planning phase.

• Continental shelf
• Dogger Bank
• Silver Pit

• List of islands
• List of islands of Denmark
• List of islands of England
• List of islands of Germany
• List of islands of the Netherlands
• List of islands of Norway
• List of islands of Scotland
• North Sea Commission

1. ^ Clover, Charles. 2004. The End of the Line: How overfishing is changing the world and what we eat. Ebury Press, London. ISBN 0-09-189780-7

Overview of geography, hydrography and climate of the North Sea

• Etymology and History of names
• Silver Pit theories
• Silver Pit chart
• The North Sea Museum in Hirtshals, Denmark
• Old map : Manuscript chart of the North Sea, VOC, ca.1690 (high resolution zoomable scan)
• University of Southampton, Reconstruction of Submerged Landscapes