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Newts
Smooth Newt (Triturus vulgaris)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Lissamphibia Order: Urodela/Caudata Family: Salamandridae

The Newt is an amphibian of the Salamandridae family, order Urodela or Caudata, found in North America, Europe, and Asia. Their eggs are laid singly in ponds or slow-moving streams, attached to aquatic plants. This distinguishes them from the free-floating eggs of frogs, that are laid in clumps, or toads, that are laid in strings. The larvae leave the water as a terrestrial form called an eft, returning to the water when mature to live or to breed. The adult form has a lizard-like body and is either aquatic or semi-aquatic.

Contents 1 Etymology 2 Distribution 3 Characteristics 4 Development 5 Handling 6 Conservation Status 7 Newts in popular culture 8 References 9 External references

The oldest form of the name is eft, which is still used for newly metamorphosed juveniles, but according to the Oxford English Dictionary it changed for unknown reasons first to euft and then to ewt. For some time it remained as an ewt, but the "n" from the indefinite article (an) shifted to form a newt. See a and an for other examples.

The three common European genera are the crested newts (Triturus sp.), the smooth newts and palmate newts (Lissotriton sp.) and the banded newts (Ommatotriton sp.). Other species present in Europe are the Iberian ribbed newt (Plurodeles waltl), which is the largest of the European newts,^[1], the pyrenean brook newt (Calotriton sp.); the European brook newt (Euproctus sp.) and the Alpine newt (Mesotriton alpestris).^[2][3]

In North America, there are the Eastern newts (Notophthalmus sp.), of which the red-spotted newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) is the most abundant species, but it is limited to the area east of the Rocky Mountains. The three species of coastal or Western newts are the red-bellied newt, the California newt, and the rough-skinned newt, all of which belong to the genus Taricha, which is confined to the area west of the Rockies.^{[citation needed]}

In Southeast Asia and Japan, species commonly encountered in the pet trade include the fire belly newts (Cynops sp.), the paddletail newts (Pachytriton sp.), the crocodile newts (Tylototriton sp.), and the warty newts (Paramesotriton sp.). In the Middle East there are the middle eastern newts (Neurergus sp.).^[4]

Like all members of the order Caudata, newts are characterised by a lizard-like body with four equal sized limbs and a distinct tail. Aquatic larvae have true teeth on both upper and lower jaws and external gills.^[5] They have the ability to regenerate limbs, eyes, spinal cords, hearts, intestines, and upper and lower jaws. The cells at the site of the injury have the ability to de-differentiate, reproduce rapidly, and differentiate again to create a new limb or organ. One theory is that the de-differentiated cells are related to tumour cells since chemicals which produce tumours in other animals will produce additional limbs in newts.^[6] Many newts produce toxins in their skin secretions as a defense mechanism against predators. Taricha newts of western North America are particularly toxic; the Rough-skinned Newt (Taricha granulosa) of the Pacific Northwest produces more than enough tetrodotoxin to kill an adult human. In order to cause harm, the toxins have to enter the body by being ingested or entering a break in the skin.^[7]

The main breeding season for newts is between the months of February and June. After courtship rituals of varying complexity, which take place in ponds or slow moving streams, the eggs are fertilised outside the female's body and attached, singly, to the leaves of aquatic plants. The plant leaves are usually folded over and adhered to the eggs to protect them. The tadpoles, which resemble fish fry but are distiguished by their feathery external gills, hatch in about three weeks. After hatching they eat vegetation, algae, small invertebrates or other tadpoles. During the next few months the tadpoles undergo metamorphosis, during which they develop legs, and the gills change into air-breathing lungs.^[8][9]Some species, such as the North American newts, also become more brightly coloured during this phase. Once fully metamorphosised they leave the water and live a terrestrial life, when they are known as "efts".^[10]Only when the eft reaches adulthood will the North American species return to live in water, rarely venturing back onto the land. Conversely, most European species live their adult lives on land and only visit water to breed.^[11]

Most newts can be safely handled providing the toxins they produce are not ingested or allowed to come in contact with mucous membranes or breaks in the skin. After handling, proper hand-washing techniques should be followed due to the risk from the toxins they produce and bacteria they carry, such as salmonella. ^[12][13]. It is, however, illegal to handle or disturb Great Crested Newts in the UK without a licence.^[14]

Newt populations have fallen across the world, due to pollution or destruction of their breeding sites and terrestrial habitats, and countries such as the USA and the UK have taken steps to halt their decline.^[15][16] In the UK they are protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and the Habitat Regulations Act 1994. It is illegal to catch, possess or handle Great Crested Newts without a licence and it is also illegal to cause them harm or death, or to disturb their habitat in any way. The IUCN Red List categorises the species as ‘lower risk’ ^[17][18] Although the other UK species, the smooth newt and palmate newt are not listed, the sale of either species is prohibited under the Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981.^[19]

• Eye of newt, and toe of frog, wool of bat, and tongue of dog" was part of the incantation of the three witches in Shakespeare's Macbeth^[20]
• "As pissed as a newt" is a popular British expression to describe someone who is very dunk, a reference to the side-to-side gait of a newt on land.^[21]
• Folklore held that pigs in England could eat newts with impunity, while their French porcine cousins would die a horrible death from the same ingestion.^[7]
• It is said that some Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest used Taricha newts to poison their enemies.^[7]
• The Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone is often ridiculed for his interest in keeping and breeding newts and has become known as "King-Newt" to some of his political rivals.^[22]
• A 29-year-old man in Coos Bay, Oregon, who had been drinking heavily, swallowed a rough-skin newt Taricha granulosa for a dare. He died later that day despite hospital treatment.^[7]
• The P.G. Wodehouse character Gussie Fink-Nottle, a friend of Bertie Wooster, has a fascination with newts.
• In 1936, Czech science-fiction writer Karel Čapek wrote an internationally-acclaimed novel called War With the Newts about the discovery of a species of intelligent newts in an island close to Indonesia.
• In Monty Python and the Holy Grail a peasant claims that a suspected witch turned him into a newt, although admits that he "got better".
• In the film Aliens the character played by Carrie Henn is nicknamed Newt.
• In the anime film Spirited Away (Sen to Chihiro no kamikakushi), grilled newt is a highly sought-after delicacy in the Aburaya bath house.
• In The Animals of Farthing Wood, the Newt family are among the animals who undertake the dangerous journey to White Deer Park.
• In the Nickelodeon cartoon Catscratch, the character Waffle owns many pet newts.
• In the Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling the students take N.E.W.T.s which are the exams for the 7th years at Hogwarts. McGonagall also offers Harry "ginger newts" in book five.
• In the novel Matilda by Roald Dahl, Lavender, Matilda's good friend, uses a newt to play a prank on the head teacher Miss Trunchbull.
• In the Addams Family t.v. show, Gomez's favorite food was "eye of newt."
• In the novel Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry, a character is named "Newt" (played by Rick Schroeder in the TV miniseries).
• Saint Newt The Sinner of Elvish backround. Also known for nefarious Monking activities.

1. ^ www.calcadamemy.org; California Academy of Sciences Accessed 2007-12-05
2. ^ Carranza, S. & Amat, F. (2005) Taxonomy, biogeography and evolution of Euproctus (Amphibia: Salamandridae), with the resurrection of the genus Calotriton and the description of a new endemic species from the Iberian Peninsula Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 145 (4), 555–582.
3. ^ Steinfartz, S., S. Vicario, J. W. Arntzen, and A. Caccone. 2007. A Bayesian approach on molecules and behavior: reconsidering phylogenetic and evolutionary patterns of the Salamandridae with emphasis on Triturus newts. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 308B:139-162.
4. ^ livingunderworld.org; Amphibian Order:caudata ; Accessed 2007-02-05
5. ^ Heying, H. 2003. "Caudata" (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. [1] Accessed 2007-12-05
6. ^ www.bioscience.utah.edu; Odelberg, S. Accessed 2007-01-24
7. ^ ^{a b c d} see caudata.org Accessed 2007-11-28
8. ^ www.scienceclarified.com Accessed 2007-12-01
9. ^ Young People's Trust for the Environment amphibians factsheet Accessed 2007-12-01
10. ^ {http://dict.die.net/eft/} Acessed 2007-12-01
11. ^ bbc.co.uk Factfile 478 Accessed 2007-11-30
12. ^ Salmonellosis - Reptiles and Amphibians Accessed 2007-11-28
13. ^ CDC MMWR: Reptile-Associated Salmonellosis: Selected States, 1998-2002Accessed 2007-11-28
14. ^ bbc.co.uk Factfile 479 Accessed 2007-11-28
15. ^ USGS Amphibian Research Monitoring Initiative (Pacific Northwest Region) Accessed 2007-11-30
16. ^ UK Biodiversity Action Plan Accessed 2007-11-30
17. ^ bbc.co.uk Factfile 479 Accessed 2007-11-28
18. ^ bbc.co.uk Factfile 478 Accessed 2007-11-28
19. ^ arkive.org Accessed 2007-11-30
20. ^ phrases.org.uk; The Phrase Finder Accessed 2007-11-30
21. ^ urbandictionary.com; Accessed 2007-12-01
22. ^ dailymail.co.uk; 'King Newt's days are numbered' Accessed 2007-11-30

• Caudatamedia
• Caudata Culture
• Eastern Newt - Notophthalmus viridescens Species account from the Iowa Reptile and Amphibian Field Guide