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The mitochondrial genome is the genetic material of the mitochondria. The mitochondria are organelles that reproduce themselves semi-autonomously within eukaryotic cells.

The genetic material forming the mitochondrial genome is similar in structure to that of the prokaryotic genetic material. The mitochondrial chromosome is a circular DNA molecule, but unlike prokaryotes it is much smaller and several copies are present. This similarity supports the hypothesis that mitochondria arose from intracellular bacterial symbiotes, i.e. the endosymbiotic theory.

The mitochondria of a sexually-reproducing species are inherited maternally. In this way, mitochondrial genetic diseases can affect both males and females, but can only be transmitted by females to their offspring. The human mitochondrial genome consists of 16,569 base pairs, which encodes only 13 proteins, 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs.

Compared to the nuclear genome, the mitochondrial genome possesses some very interesting features:

• All the genes are carried on a single circular DNA molecule.
• The genetic material is not bounded by a nuclear envelope.
• The DNA is not packed into chromatin.
• The genome contains little non-coding DNA ("junk" DNA, or introns).
• Some codons do not follow the universal rules in translation. Instead they resemble those of purple non-sulfur bacteria.
• Some bases are considered part of two different genes: both as the last base of one gene and as the first base of the next gene.

• mitochondrial DNA
• Human mitochondrial genetics

• San Mauro, Diego; David J. Gower, Rafael Zardoya and Mark Wilkinson (January 2006). "A hotspot of gene order rearrangement by tandem duplication and random loss in the vertebrate mitochondrial genome". Molecular Biology and Evolution 23: 227–234. 
• Wolstenholme, D.R. 1992. Animal mitochondrial DNA: structure and evolution. Int. Rev. Cytol. 141: 173-216

• Map of the human mitochondrial genome (Human Genome Project)
• Sequence data and related info (NCBI Organelle Genome Resources)
• Other mitochondrial info (Mitomap database)