Military district

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Military districts are organizations of a state's armed forces (often of the Army) which responsible for a certain area of territory. They are often more responsible for administrative than operational matters, and in countries with conscript forces, often handle parts of the conscription cycle.

Navies have also used a similar model, with organizations such as the United States Naval Districts. A number of navies in South America used naval districts at various points in time.

Contents

Main articles: NRA Military Region and PLA Military Region

Today's German Armed Forces (Bundeswehr) have four military districts - Wehrbereichskommando as part of the Streitkräftebasis or Joint Service Support Command. The headquarters are in:

During World War II Germany used the system of military districts (German: Wehrkreis) to relieve field commanders of as much administrative work as possible and to provide a regular flow of trained recruits and supplies to the Field Army. The method they adopted was to separate the Field Army (Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres) from the Home Command (Heimatkriegsgebiet) and to entrust the responsibilities of training, conscription, supply and equipment to that command.

The Commander of the Infantry Corps with the identical number also commanded the Wehrkreis in peacetime, but command of the Wehrkreis passed to his second-in command at the outbreak of war.

Before the start of the war, there were also four Motorized Army Corps (in effect, staffs to control the training of Panzer and Light Panzer formations) which had no corresponding military districts, but were served (as regards conscription and supplies) by the districts in which Corps headquarters or subordinate formations had their Home Garrison Stations. These Corps were:

  • XIV Army Corps (Motorized) - XIV. Armeekorps (mot.)
  • XV Army Corps (Motorized) - XV. Armeekorps (mot.)
  • XVI Army Corps (Motorized) - XVI. Armeekorps (mot.)
  • XIX Army Corps - XIX. Armeekorps

The Districts were organized into a Chain of Command that included Area Headquarters (Wehrersatzbezirk Hauptquartier) and Sub-area headquarters (Wehrbezirk Hauptquartier).

During World War II, Germany was divided into nineteen military districts. At the start of the war, there were only fifteen:

Wehrkreis XX and XXI were established in Poland to control Danzig and Posen, respectively which belonged to Germany before World War I.

Two additional Wehrkreis were established after the invasion of Poland to control the remainder of that country. These were Wehrkreis Böhmen-Mähren which covered the so-called "Protectorate" of Bohemia-Moravia that was Czech areas not part of the Sudetenland and Wehrkreis "General-Government" which controlled the remainder of Poland.

It has been speculated that the missing Wehrkreis number—XIX—was intended for use inside Russia if Germany had been successful in completing the invasion and additional numbers would have been assigned to the named Wehrkreis at the end of the war.

In peace time, the Wehrkreis was the home to the Infantry Corps of the same number and all subordinate units of that Corps.

Indonesia was also the user of military district during the Dutch Operatie Kraai to defend their states from the Dutch invasion in December 1948-January 1949. Modified military districts, or KODAMs, are still in use today.

When the Dutch launch their military aggression by invading Indonesia, Indonesia National Army (Indonesian: Tentara Nasional Indonesia) resist with the conventional linear tactics. But it was ultimately fail, and the Dutch successfully forced Indonesian army to form a guerilla formation.

General Soedirman then think a way out to facing the Dutch with other military strategist such as T.B. Simatupang and A.H. Nasution on the headquarter. They finally decided to reorganized the army structure, and form an attrition strategy with a military district system that called Wehrkreise--adapted from German system during World War II.

Wehrkreise that used in Indonesia means circles of defense, or regional defense. The system was used to defend islands and provinces that still remains to Indonesia during the military aggression. Each regional commander was given a full control to launch counter-attacks. Wehrkreise regions included power of military, politic, economy, education, and government. During the usage of this system, the conventional linear defence was fully abandoned. The system was later ratificated in Surat Perintah Siasat No.1, that was signed by General Soedirman on November 1948.

In Russia, a military district (Russian: вое́нный о́круг, voyenny okrug) is a territorial association of military units, formations, military schools, and various local military establishments. This territorial division type was utilized in Imperial Russia, USSR and is currently in use in Russian Federation.

Such territorial division provides convenient management of army units, their training and other activities regarding the country’s readiness to defend itself.

In Imperial Russia, military districts were first formed in 1862–64. In the USSR, the first six military districts (Yaroslavsky, Moskovsky, Orlovsky, Belomorsky, Uralsky, and Privolzhsky) were formed in March of 1918 during the Russian Civil War in 1918–20 in order to prepare big army reserves for the front.

The number of military districts varied depending on the circumstances and with the evolution of the Soviet Army. For example, before the Great Patriotic War of 1941–45 there were 16 military districts and one front. Right after the war, the number was increased to 33, but by October of 1946, they had been reduced to 21.

At the end of the 1980s, immediately before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, there were sixteen military districts, within three to five main groupings:

A military district operates under the command of the district headquarters, headed by the district commander, and is subordinated to the Ground Forces Headquarters.

In today's Russia, there are 6 military districts:

In this classification, Kaliningrad and the surrounding Kaliningrad Oblast are considered to be a special region.

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