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Manta ray
Giant Pacific manta. A large symbiotic remora is visible on the manta's ventral side
Conservation status
Near Threatened
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Chondrichthyes Subclass: Elasmobranchii Order: Rajiformes Family: Myliobatidae Genus: Manta Bancroft, 1829 Species: M. birostris
Binomial name
Manta birostris Dondorff, 1798

The manta ray, or giant manta (Manta birostris), is the largest of the rays, with the largest known specimen having been about 7.6 m (25ft) across, with a weight of about 2,300 kg (5,000 lb). It ranges throughout the tropical seas of the world, typically around coral reefs. Mantas are most commonly black above and white below, but some are blue on their backs. A giant manta's eyes are located at the base of the cephalic lobes on each side of the head, and unlike other rays the mouth is found at the anterior edge of its head. To breathe, like other rays, the manta has five pairs of gills on the underside.

Manta ray at Hin Daeng, Thailand.

With distinctive "horns" (from which the common name 'devil ray' stems), on either side of its broad head, the manta is a prized sighting by divers. These unique structures are actually derived from the pectoral fins. During embryonic development, part of the pectoral fin breaks away and moves forward, surrounding the mouth. This gives the Manta ray the distinction of being the only jawed vertebrate to have novel limbs (the so-called six-footed tortoise (Manouria emys) does not actually have six legs, only enlarged tuberculate scales on their thighs that look superficially like an extra pair of hind limbs). These flexible horns are used to direct plankton, small fish and water into the Manta's very broad and wide mouth. The manta can curl them up to reduce drag while swimming.

Manta rays may have evolved from bottom feeding ancestors but have adapted to become filter feeders in the open ocean. This has allowed them to grow to a larger size than any other species of ray. Because of their pelagic lifestyle as plankton feeders, some of the ancestral characteristics have degenerated. For example, all that is left of their oral teeth is a small band of vestigial teeth on the lower jaw, almost hidden by the skin. Their dermal denticals are also greatly reduced in number and size, but are still present, and they have a much thicker body mucus coating than other rays. Their spiracles have become small and non-functional, as all water is taken in through their mouth instead.

Manta ray in the Maldives.

To swim better through the ocean, they have a diamond shaped body plan, using their pectoral fins as graceful "wings".

Mantas are filter feeders: they feed on plankton, fish larvae and the like, passively filtered from the water passing through their gills as they swim. The small prey organisms are caught on flat horizontal plates of russet-coloured spongy tissue, that span the spaces between the manta's gill bars.

Mantas frequent reef-side cleaning stations where small fish such as wrasses and angelfish swim inside the manta's gills and all over its skin to feed, in the process cleaning it of parasites and removing bits of dead skin.

The predators of the Manta ray include mainly large sharks, however in some circumstances orca have also been observed preying on them.

Moche Manta ray AD 200 Larco Museum Collection Lima, Peru.

Taxonomically, the situation of the mantas is still under investigation. Three species have been identified: Manta birostris, Manta ehrenbergii, and Manta raya, but they are quite similar to each other, and the last two may just be isolated populations. The genus Manta is sometimes placed in its own family, Mobulidae, but this article follows FishBase, and places it in the family Myliobatidae, with the eagle rays and their relatives.

Mantas have been given a variety of common names, including Atlantic manta, Pacific manta, devil ray, devilfish, and just manta. Some people just call all members of the family stingrays.

Mantas are extremely curious around humans, and are fond of swimming with scuba divers. Although they may approach humans, if touched, their mucus membrane is removed, causing lesions and infections on their skin. They will often surface to investigate boats (without engines running). They have the largest brain-to-body ratio of the sharks and rays.^[1]

The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped the sea and its animals. They often depicted Manta rays in their art. ^[2]

Mantas are known to breach the water into the air as they swim.

1. ^ Manta Rays. The Hawaii Association for Marine Education and Research, Inc. (2005). Retrieved on 9 December 2007.
2. ^ Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.

• Marshall et al (2006). Manta birostris. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 12 May 2006. Database entry includes a lengthy justification of why this species is near threatened
• Manta ray research in Mozambique
• "Manta birostris". FishBase. Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. 10 2005 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2005.
• Manta Ray entry at the Florida Museum of Natural History.
• Manta Ray FAQ at the Reef Quest Center for Shark Research.
• ARKive - images and movies of the Manta ray (Manta birostris)
• The Flying Mobulas of the Sea of Cortez
• Manta rays Archive
• Manta Pacific Research Foundation
• Manta rays in captivity
• Manta rays photo and video gallery from Bali
• First giant manta born in captivity

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Manta birostris