List of historical national capitals

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist, the capital was moved, or the capital city was renamed. This is a list of such cities, sorted by country and then by date.

Contents

Old capital city Country, empire Flag From Until Change, reason
Mtskheta Georgia Flag of Georgia (country) 3 century BC 5 century AD moved to Tbilisi
Kutaisi Georgia Flag of Georgia (country) 978 1122 move back to Tbilisi
Vlorë Albania Flag of Albania 1912 1920 moved to Tirana
Vienna Holy Roman Empire Flag of Austria 1558 1806 became capital in Austrian Empire
Vienna Austrian Empire Flag of Austria 1806 1867 became capital in Austro-Hungarian Empire
Vienna Austro-Hungarian Empire Flag of Austria-Hungary 1867 1918 became capital in Republic of Austria
Karlsruhe Baden 1771 1918 Baden became part of the German Empire in 1871, and lost sovereignty fully in 1918. Karlsruhe remained the capital of the German state of Baden until 1945.
Munich Bavaria Flag of Bavaria 14th century 1918 Bavaria became part of the German Empire in 1871, and lost sovereignty fully in 1918. Munich remains the capital of the German state of Bavaria.
Sainte-Adresse (in France) Belgium Flag of Belgium October 1914 November 1918 Belgian government in exile.
Pliska Bulgaria (Old Great Bulgaria Flag of Bulgaria 681 893 moved to Preslav
Preslav Bulgaria (First Bulgarian Empire) Flag of Bulgaria 893 972 moved to Ohrid
Ohrid Bulgaria (First Bulgarian Empire) Flag of Bulgaria 990 1015 Empire ceases to exist after the Byzantine conquest
Veliko Tarnovo Bulgaria (Second Bulgarian Empire) Flag of Bulgaria 1185 1396 Empire ceases to exist after the Ottoman conquest
Plovdiv Eastern Rumelia Flag of Bulgaria 1878 1885 annexed as part of the Unification of Bulgaria
Varaždin Croatia Flag of Croatia 1756 1776 Moved back to Zagreb,when a fire destroyed most of the city.
Prague Czechoslovakia Flag of Czechoslovakia 1918 1993 became capital in Czech Republic
Roskilde Denmark Flag of Denmark c.1020 1443 moved to Copenhagen
Winchester England, Kingdom of/Wessex Flag of England 519 1066 moved to London
Turku Finland, Grand Duchy of Flag of Finland 1809 1812 moved to Helsinki
Vaasa Finland Flag of Finland January 29, 1918 May 3, 1918 moved by White Guards from Helsinki because of Finnish Civil War
Vichy France Flag of France 1940 1944 capital of Vichy France régime
Berlin German Empire Flag of Germany 1871 1945 Separation of Germany to occupation zones for the Allied powers
Flensburg German Empire Flag of Germany 1945 1945 Provisional seat of power after the fall of Berlin (see Flensburg government)
Bonn Germany, West Flag of Germany 1949 1990 moved to Berlin after re-unification of Germany
East Berlin Germany, East Flag of German Democratic Republic 1949 1990 Berlin, country ceased to exist after re-unification of Germany
Granada Granada, Kingdom of Flag of Spain 1250 1492 Kingdom ceased to exist after the Reconquista and incorporated into Castile
Nafplion Greece Flag of Greece 1821 1836 moved to Athens
Székesfehérvár and Esztergom Hungary Flag of Hungary 972 (or 973) 1256 The capital moved from Esztergom to Buda after most of the city was destroyed by the Mongols in 1242
Buda Hungary Flag of Hungary 1361 1536 moved to Pozsony after part of the nation captured by Ottoman Empire
Pressburg (Pozsony) Royal Hungary Flag of Hungary 1536 1784 moved back to Buda
Buda Hungary Flag of Hungary 1784 1849 becomes part of Austria, capital in Vienna
Buda Hungary (as part of Austro-Hungarian Empire Flag of Hungary 1867 1873 united with Óbuda and Pest to become Budapest
Hill of Tara Ireland (under the High Kings Flag of Republic of Ireland 6th century 12th century Ireland conquered by England
Turin Italy Flag of Italy 1861 1865 moved to Florence
Florence Italy Flag of Italy 1865 1871 moved to Rome
Kaunas Lithuania Flag of Lithuania 1922 1940 moved back to Vilnius
Mdina Malta Flag of Malta 1566 moved to Valletta
Płock Masovia Flag of Poland c.1038 1047 Masovia reincorporated into Poland
Płock Masovia Flag of Poland 1138 1313 moved to Czersk
Czersk Masovia Flag of Poland 1313 1413 moved to Warsaw
Warsaw Masovia Flag of Poland 1413 1526 Masovia reincorporated into Poland
Modena Modena, Duchy of 1452 1860 became part of united Italy
Iaşi Moldavia Flag of Moldova 1351 1862 unified with Wallachia to form Romania
Cetinje Montenegro Flag of Montenegro 1482 1946 moved to Podgorica
Naples Kingdom of Naples 1282 1816 Kingdom of Naples merged into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Trondheim Norway Flag of Norway 997 1070 moved to Bergen
Bergen Norway Flag of Norway 1070 1299 moved to Oslo
Oslo Norway Flag of Norway 1299 1624 renamed Christiania (also written Kristiania from ca. 1877)
Christiania Norway Flag of Norway 1624 1924 renamed Oslo
Heidelberg Palatinate 14th century 1720 moved to Mannheim
Mannheim Palatinate 1720 1777 Palatinate inherited by the Electors of Bavaria.
Piacenza Piacenza and Parma, Duchy of 1545 1547 moved to Parma, following the assassination of the Duke Pierluigi Farnese
Parma Parma and Piacenza, Duchy of 1547 1860 Became part of united Italy.
Gniezno Poland Flag of Poland 10th century 1038 moved to Kraków
Poznań Poland Flag of Poland 10th century 1038 moved to Kraków
Kraków Poland Flag of Poland 1038 1079 moved to Płock
Płock Poland Flag of Poland 1079 1138 moved to Kraków
Kraków Poland Flag of Poland 1138 1290 moved to Poznań
Poznań Poland Flag of Poland 1290 1296 moved to Kraków
Kraków Poland Flag of Poland 1296 1596 moved to Warsaw
Lublin Poland Flag of Poland 1944 1945 de facto capital
Łódź Poland Flag of Poland 1945 1947 de facto capital
Guimarães Portugal Flag of Portugal 1095 1131 moved to Coimbra
Coimbra Portugal Flag of Portugal 1131 1255 moved to Lisbon
Lisbon Portugal Flag of Portugal 1255 1808 moved to Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro Portugal Flag of Portugal 1808 1821 moved to Lisbon
Kiev Russia (Kievan Rus) 882 1169 moved to Vladimir
Vladimir Russia (Vladimir-Suzdal) Flag of Russia 1169 1327 moved to Moscow
Moscow Russia (Muscovite) Flag of Russia 1327 1712 moved to Saint Petersburg
Yaroslavl Russia (Muscovite) Flag of Russia 1611 1612 de facto
Saint Petersburg (Petrograd) Russian Empire Flag of Russia 1712 1918 moved to Moscow
Turin Kingdom of Sardinia 1720 1861 Became part of unified Italy
Turin Savoy, Duchy of 1563 1720 Became part of Kingdom of Sardinia.
Dresden Saxony 1485 1918 Saxony became part of the German Empire in 1871, and Saxony lost its independence fully in 1918. Dresden remains the capital of the German state of Saxony.
Perth Scotland Flag of Scotland 846 1452 moved to Edinburgh
Palermo Sicily 1130 1816 Kingdom merged into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Moscow Soviet Union Flag of Soviet Union 1922 1991 State union dissolved, Became capital of Russia
Valladolid Spain Flag of Spain 1600 1606 moved to Madrid
Valencia Spain Flag of Spain 1936 1939 Government of the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War
Aarau Switzerland (Helvetic Republic) Flag of Switzerland 1798 1798 moved to Lucerne
Lucerne Switzerland (Helvetic Republic) Flag of Switzerland 1798 1803 Helvetic Republic abolished
Trieste Trieste, Free Territory of 1947 1954 Territory dissolved, integrated into Italy and Yugoslavia
Florence Tuscany 1569 1860 became part of unified Italy
Naples Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 1816 1861 became part of unified Italy
Kiev Ukraine (Kievan Rus) Flag of Ukraine 882 1169 moved to Vladimir
Chyhyryn Ukraine (Cossack Hetmanate) Flag of Ukraine 1648 1669 moved to Baturyn
Baturyn Ukraine (Cossack Hetmanate) Flag of Ukraine 1669 1708 moved to Hlukhiv after demolition of the city by Russian forces
Hlukhiv Ukraine (Cossack Hetmanate) Flag of Ukraine 1708 1722 Cossack Hetmanate lost its sovereignty
Hlukhiv Ukraine (Cossack Hetmanate) Flag of Ukraine 1727 1734 Cossack Hetmanate lost its sovereignty
Baturyn Ukraine (Cossack Hetmanate) Flag of Ukraine 1750 1764 Cossack Hetmanate lost its sovereignty
Kharkiv Ukraine (SSR) Flag of Ukraine 1919 1934 moved to Kyiv (Kiev)
Venice Venice, Republic of fl. 9th century 1797 annexed by Austria
Machynlleth Wales Flag of Wales 1404 1416 seat of Owain Glyndŵr's parliament until was Wales was annexed by England - capital moved to Cardiff in 1955
Câmpulung Wallachia fl.13th Century fl.15th Century moved to Târgovişte
Târgovişte Wallachia 1396 1698 moved to Bucharest
Stuttgart Württemberg ca. 1300 1918 Württemberg became part of the German Empire in 1871, and lost sovereignty fully in 1918. Stuttgart remained the capital of the German state of Württemberg until 1947, and then became capital of the German state of Baden-Württemberg
Belgrade Yugoslavia Flag of Yugoslavia 1918 2003 State union dissloved, Became capital of Serbia

Old capital city Country, empire Flag From Until Change, reason
Kandahar Afghanistan Flag of Afghanistan 1748 1772 moved to Kabul
Anyang China (Shang Dynasty) Flag of People's Republic of China c.1600 BC c.1046 BC moved to Chang'an - end of Shang Dynasty
Chang'an China (Zhou Dynasty) Flag of People's Republic of China c.1046 BC 722 BC moved to Luoyang
Luoyang China (Zhou Dynasty) Flag of People's Republic of China 772 BC 221 BC moved to Xianyang - fall of Zhou Dynasty
Xianyang China (Qin Dynasty) Flag of People's Republic of China 221 BC 206 BC moved back to Chang'an - fall of Qin Dynasty
Chang'an China (Han Dynasty) Flag of People's Republic of China 206 BC 25 moved back to Luoyang
Luoyang China (Han Dynasty) Flag of People's Republic of China 25 220 fall of the Han Dynasty marking the beginning of the Six Dynasties period
Chang'an China (Tang Dynasty) Flag of People's Republic of China 618 907 fall of the Tang Dynasty marking the beginning of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
Kaifeng China (Song Dynasty) Flag of People's Republic of China 960 1127 moved to Hangzhou
Hangzhou China (Song Dynasty) Flag of People's Republic of China 1127 1279 Kublai Khan integrates China into the Mongol Empire
Nanjing China (Ming Dynasty) Flag of People's Republic of China 1368 1421 moved to Beijing
Beijing China Flag of People's Republic of China 1421 1928 moved back to Nanjing
Nanjing China Flag of People's Republic of China 1928 1937 moved to Chongqing
Chongqing China Flag of People's Republic of China 1937 1945 moved back to Nanjing
Nanjing China Flag of People's Republic of China 1945 1949 moved to Beijing - After the proclamation of the People's Republic of China, the Republic of China government fled to Taiwan and made Taipei the provisional capital. However, Nanjing remains the official capital.
Malolos Filipina, República Flag of Philippines 1898 1899 Headquarters of the Revolutionary movement (Note: Several other towns became capitals at a succeeding rate, namely San Isidro, Cabanatuan, Bamban, Tarlac, Bayambang and Palanan, to avoid capture from the Americans). Moved back to Manila after capture of Aguinaldo on 1901.
Calcutta India (British) Flag of India 1772 1912 moved to New Delhi
Simla India (British) Flag of India fl.1850 1947 Summer capital
Yogyakarta Indonesia Flag of Indonesia 1946 1948 Allied invasion, moved to Bukittinggi
Bukittinggi Indonesia Flag of Indonesia 1948 1949 moved to Jakarta
Ecbatana Iran (Median Empire) Flag of Iran 7th century BC 550 BC captured by Cyrus the Great
Pasargadae, Persepolis, and Susa Iran (Persian Empire) Flag of Iran 550 BC 330 BC captured by Alexander the Great and incorporated into Macedonian Empire
Seleucia on the Tigris Iran (Seleucid Empire} Flag of Iran 305 BC 240 BC moved to Antioch
Antioch Iran (Seleucid Empire) Flag of Iran 240 BC 64 BC conquered by Parthia
Ctesiphon Iran (Parthian and Sassanid Empires) Flag of Iran c. 64 BC 637 fell in Islamic conquest of Persia
Nishapur Iran {Tahirid dynasty) Flag of Iran 821 873 conquered by Saffarid dynasty
Shiraz Iran (Saffarid dynasty) Flag of Iran 861 900 conquered by Samanid
Bukhara, Samarqand, and Herat Iran (Samanid) Flag of Iran 875 999 conquered by Karakhanids
Tabriz Iran (Safavid Dynasty) Flag of Iran 1501 1548 moved to Qazvin
Qazvin Iran (Safavid Dynasty) Flag of Iran 1548 1598 moved to Isfahan
Isfahan Iran (Safavid Dynasty) Flag of Iran 1598 1736 moved to Mashhad
Mashhad Iran {Afsharid dynasty) Flag of Iran 1736 1750 moved to Shiraz
Shiraz Iran (Zand dynasty) Flag of Iran 1750 1794 moved to Tehran in the Qajar dynasty
Heijō-kyō (Nara) Japan (Nara Period) Flag of Japan 710 784 moved to Nagaoka-kyō (Nagaoka)
Nagaoka-kyō (Nagaoka) Japan (Nara Period) Flag of Japan 784 794 moved to Kyoto
Kyoto Japan Flag of Japan 794 1868 moved to Tokyo (see also: Capital of Japan)
Hebron Israel, Kingdom of Flag of Israel c.1007 BC c.1000 BC moved to Jerusalem when the kingdom was reunited under King David
Tel Aviv Israel, State of Flag of Israel May 1948 Dec 1948 moved to Jerusalem after 1948 Arab-Israeli War because Jerusalem was under siege.
Jerusalem Jerusalem, Kingdom of 1099 1187 moved to Acre (Jerusalem captured by Saladin)
Acre Jerusalem, Kingdom of 1187 1291 Kingdom ceases to exist
Njimi Kanem fl. 11th Century c.1396 lost to Bulala invaders (eventually moved to Ngazargamu)
Kukawa Kanem-Bornu Empire 1814 1893 Kingdom ceases to exist
Alma-Ata Kazakhstan Flag of Kazakhstan 1992 1993 renamed Almaty
Almaty Kazakhstan Flag of Kazakhstan 1993 1998 moved to Astana
Marawi Maguindanao Sultanate 1205 (?) 1800's (?) Annexed into the Spanish East Indies
Yangon Myanmar Flag of Myanmar 1948 2005 moved to Naypyidaw
Bacolod Negros, Federal Republic 1898 1899 absorbed by the Philippines.
Bursa Ottoman empire Flag of Turkey 1335 1365 moved to Edirne
Edirne Ottoman empire Flag of Turkey 1365 1453 moved to Istanbul (Constantinople)
Istanbul Ottoman empire Flag of Turkey 1453 1923 The Ottoman Empire became the Republic of Turkey. The capital moved to Ankara
Karachi Pakistan Flag of Pakistan 1947 1959 moved to Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi Pakistan Flag of Pakistan 1959 1967 moved to Islamabad
Manila Philippine Commonwealth Flag of Philippines 1934 1941 Japanese occupation. Moved back to Manila in 1945 after the liberation of the Philippines
Baguio Philippine Commonwealth Flag of Philippines 1934 1941 Summer Capital.
Manila Philippine Republic, Japanese-sponsored Flag of Philippines 1943 1945 Liberation of the Philippines from the Japanese
Manila Philippines Flag of Philippines 1946 1948 Moved to Quezon City after the formation of Republic of the Philippines via Republic Act No. 333.
Baguio Philippines Flag of Philippines 1946 1976 Summer Capital, moved back to Manila via Presidential Decree No. 940.
Quezon City Philippines Flag of Philippines 1948 1976 Moved back to Manila via Presidential Decree No. 940. Quezon City, with Manila, became parts of Metro Manila. Several government offices remained in Quezon City, including the Batasang Pambansa, and ultimately the House of Representatives. Manila is the current capital.
Dariyah Saudi Arabia Flag of Saudi Arabia 1744 1818 moved to Riyadh after the Turks destroyed the city.
Saigon South Vietnam 1954 1975 Hanoi, country ceased to exist after unification of Vietnam
Aden South Yemen 1967 1990 San'a, country ceased to exist after unification of Yemen
Cebu Spanish East Indies 1562 (?) 1578 (?) First Spanish settlement in the country. Moved to Manila (Formerly Maynilad) after capture.
Manila Spanish East Indies 1578 (?) 1762 Captured by the British during the Seven Years' War, returned to Spain after the Treaty of Paris.
Bacolor Spanish East Indies 1762 1764 Capital of the exiled government Governor-general Simon de Anda during the Seven Years' War. Moved back to Manila
Manila Spanish East Indies 1764 1901 Ceded to the United States via Treaty of Paris
Jolo Sulu Sultanate 1450 (?) 1899 Annexed by the United States
Sukhothai Thailand Flag of Thailand 1238 1438 moved to Ayutthaya after sacked by Ayutthaya
Chiang Mai(Lanna) Thailand Flag of Thailand 1259 1939 Annexed by Siam
Ayutthaya Thailand Flag of Thailand 1350 1767 moved to Thonburi after the Burmese destroyed the city
Thonburi Thailand Flag of Thailand 1767 1782 moved to Bangkok after King Taksin was declared mad
Samarkand Uzbekistan (SSR) Flag of Uzbekistan 1925 1930 moved to Tashkent
Taiz Yemen Flag of Yemen 1948 1962 moved to San'a

Old capital city Country, empire Flag From Until Change, reason
Léopoldville Congo, Democratic Republic of the Flag of Democratic Republic of the Congo 1960 1966 renamed Kinshasa
Grand Bassam Côte d'Ivoire Flag of Côte d'Ivoire 1893 1900 moved to Bingerville
Bingerville Côte d'Ivoire Flag of Côte d'Ivoire 1900 1933 moved to Abidjan
Abidjan Côte d'Ivoire Flag of Côte d'Ivoire 1933 1983 moved to Yamoussoukro
Al-Fustat Egypt Flag of Egypt 905 969 moved to Cairo (see also: Capital of Egypt)
Otjimbingwe German South-West Africa 1886 1892 moved to Windhoek
Cape Coast Ghana (Gold Coast) Flag of Ghana 1664 1877 moved to Accra
Bolama Guinea-Bissau Flag of Guinea-Bissau 1879 1941 moved to Bissau
Boe Guinea-Bissau Flag of Guinea-Bissau 1973 1974 moved back to Bissau
Ngazargamu Kanem-Bornu Empire Flag of Chad Flag of Nigeria c.1472 1808 lost to Fulani invaders (eventually moved to Kukawa)
Lagos Nigeria Flag of Nigeria 1914 1976 moved to Abuja
Aneho Togo Flag of Togo 1880s 1897 moved to Lomé

Old capital city Country, empire Flag From Until Change, reason
Melbourne Australia Flag of Australia 1901 1927 moved to Canberra - interim capital only while Canberra developed
Levuka Fiji Flag of Fiji 1874 1877 moved to Suva
Russell New Zealand Flag of New Zealand 1840 1841 moved to Auckland
Auckland New Zealand Flag of New Zealand 1841 1865 moved to Wellington
Tulaghi Solomon Islands Flag of Solomon Islands 1896 1942 moved to Honiara

Old capital city Country, empire Flag From Until Change, reason
St. George Bermuda Flag of Bermuda 1612 1815 moved to Hamilton
Belize City British Honduras Flag of Belize 1638 1970 moved to Belmopan
Kingston Canada Flag of Canada 1841 1843 moved to Montreal
Montreal  Canada Flag of Canada 1843 1849 moved to Toronto
Toronto Canada Flag of Canada 1849 1859 moved to Quebec City
Quebec City Canada Flag of Canada 1859 1865 moved to Ottawa
Chan Santa Cruz Chan Santa Cruz Flag of Mexico c.1852 1901 became part of Mexico
Montgomery Confederate States of America February 4, 1861 May 29, 1861 Moved to Richmond
Richmond Confederate States of America May 29, 1861 April 3, 1865 Moved to Danville
Danville Confederate States of America April 3, 1865 April 10, 1865 Confederate States forced to rejoin the United States following the surrender of General Lee's Army of Northern Virginia in Appomattox, Virginia
Cartago Costa Rica Flag of Costa Rica 1562 1823 moved to San José
Santiago de Cuba Cuba Flag of Cuba 1522 1589 moved (after 1607 in Havana)
Lahaina Hawaiʻi, Kingdom of Flag of Hawaii 1820 1845 moved to Honolulu
Honolulu Hawaiʻi, Kingdom of Flag of Hawaii 1845 1893 became seat of Provisional Government of Hawaiʻi after overthrow of the Hawaiʻian monarchy
Honolulu Hawaiʻi, Provisional Government of Flag of Hawaii 1893 1894 became capital in Republic of Hawaiʻi
Honolulu Hawaiʻi, Republic of Flag of Hawaii 1894 1898 country ceased to exist after annexation by the United States; Honolulu became the capital of the Territory of Hawaiʻi 1898-1959 and the State of Hawaiʻi since 1959
Spanish Town Jamaica Flag of Jamaica 1534 1872 moved to Kingston
St. John's Newfoundland 1855 1949 entered confederation with Canada
Columbia, Texas Republic of Texas 1836 1837 moved to Houston, Texas
Houston, Texas Republic of Texas 1837 1839 moved to Austin, Texas
Austin, Texas Republic of Texas Flag of Texas 1839 1845 Texas annexed by United States
San Jose de Oruña Trinidad Flag of Trinidad and Tobago 1592 1783 moved to Port of Spain
Philadelphia United States Flag of United States 1776 1776 moved to Baltimore
Baltimore United States Flag of United States 1776 1777 moved back to Philadelphia
Philadelphia United States Flag of United States 1777 1777 moved to Lancaster
Lancaster, Pennsylvania United States Flag of United States 1777 1777 moved to York after one day
York, Pennsylvania United States Flag of United States 1777 1778 moved back to Philadelphia
Philadelphia United States Flag of United States 1778 1783 moved to Princeton
Princeton United States Flag of United States 1783 1783 moved to Annapolis
Annapolis United States Flag of United States 1783 1784 moved to Trenton
Trenton United States Flag of United States 1784 1785 moved to New York
New York United States Flag of United States 1785 1790 moved back to Philadelphia
Philadelphia United States Flag of United States 1790 1800 moved to Washington, DC
Port of Spain West Indies Federation 1958 1962 country ceased to exist
Mérida Yucatán 1840 1847 reunited with Mexico

Old capital city Country, empire Flag From Until Change, reason
Paraná Argentine Confederation Flag of Argentina 1853 1861 moved to Buenos Aires
Salvador da Bahia Brazil Flag of Brazil 1549 1763 moved to Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro Brazil Flag of Brazil 1763 1960 moved to Brasília
Cuzco Inca Empire fl.13th Century c.1533 moved to Lima after the Spanish conquest


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