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This is a list of countries categorized by system of government.

Contents 1 Alphabetical list of countries 2 Systems of Governance 2.1 Presidential / Separated republics 2.1.1 Full presidential systems 2.1.2 Semi-presidential systems 2.2 Parliamentary republics 2.3 Mixed republican systems 2.4 Constitutional monarchies 2.4.1 Commonwealth realms 2.4.2 Semi-constitutional monarchies 2.5 Absolute monarchies 2.6 Theocracies 2.7 One-party states 2.8 Military junta states 2.9 Transitional 3 Systems of Internal Governance 3.1 Federal 3.2 Devolved 3.3 Regionalized unitary 3.4 Federacy 3.5 Unitary 4 Notes 5 See also 6 External links

Name	Constitutional basis	Head of state	Basis of executive legitimacy
Afghanistan	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Albania	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Algeria	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Andorra	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Angola	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Antigua and Barbuda	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Argentina	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Armenia	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Australia	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Austria	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Azerbaijan	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Bahamas	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Bahrain	Constitutional monarchy	Monarch personally exercises power alongside weak parliament
Bangladesh	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Barbados	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Belarus	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Belgium	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Belize	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Benin	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Bhutan	Absolute monarchy
Bolivia	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
Botswana	Republic	Executive	Parliamentary
Brazil	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Brunei	Absolute monarchy
Bulgaria	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Burkina Faso	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Burundi	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Cambodia	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Cameroon	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Canada	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Cape Verde	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
Central African Republic	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Chad	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Chile	Republic	Executive	Presidential
China, People's Republic of	Republic	Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
China, Republic of	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
Colombia	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Comoros	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
Congo, Republic of the	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Costa Rica	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Côte d'Ivoire	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Croatia	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Cuba	Republic	Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
Cyprus	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Czech Republic	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Denmark	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Djibouti	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
Dominica	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Dominican Republic	Republic	Executive	Presidential
East Timor	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Ecuador	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Egypt	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
El Salvador	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Equatorial Guinea	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Eritrea	Republic	Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
Estonia	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Ethiopia	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Fiji	Republic	No constitutional basis to current regime
Finland	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
France	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
Gabon	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Gambia	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Georgia	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Germany	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Ghana	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Greece	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Grenada	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Guatemala	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Guinea	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Guinea-Bissau	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
Guyana	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
Haiti	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Honduras	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Hungary	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Iceland	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
India	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Indonesia	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Iran	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Iraq	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Ireland	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Israel	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Italy	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Jamaica	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Japan	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Jordan	Constitutional monarchy	Monarch personally exercises power alongside weak parliament
Kazakhstan	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Kenya	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Kiribati	Republic	Executive	Parliamentary
Korea, North	Republic	Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
Korea, South	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
Kuwait	Constitutional monarchy	Monarch personally exercises power alongside weak parliament
Kyrgyzstan	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Laos	Republic	Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
Latvia	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Lebanon	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
Lesotho	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Liberia	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Libya	Republic	Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
Liechtenstein	Constitutional monarchy	Monarch personally exercises power alongside weak parliament
Lithuania	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Luxembourg	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Macedonia	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Madagascar	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
Malawi	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Malaysia	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Maldives	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Mali	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Malta	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Marshall Islands	Republic	Executive	Parliamentary
Mauritania	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Mauritius	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Mexico	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Micronesia	Republic	Executive	Parliamentary
Moldova	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
Monaco	Constitutional monarchy	Monarch personally exercises power alongside weak parliament
Mongolia	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
Montenegro	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Morocco	Constitutional monarchy	Monarch personally exercises power alongside weak parliament
Mozambique	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Myanmar	Republic	No constitutional basis to current regime
Namibia	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Nauru	Republic	Executive	Parliamentary
Nepal	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Netherlands	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
New Zealand	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Nicaragua	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Niger	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
Nigeria	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Norway	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Oman	Absolute monarchy
Pakistan	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
Palau	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Panama	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Papua New Guinea	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Paraguay	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Peru	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Philippines	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Poland	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Portugal	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Qatar	Absolute monarchy
Romania	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
Russia	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
Rwanda	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Saint Lucia	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Samoa	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
San Marino	Republic	Executive	Parliamentary
São Tomé and Príncipe	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
Saudi Arabia	Absolute monarchy
Senegal	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
Serbia	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
Seychelles	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Sierra Leone	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Singapore	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Slovakia	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Slovenia	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Solomon Islands	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Somalia	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
South Africa	Republic	Executive	Parliamentary
Spain	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Sri Lanka	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
Sudan	Republic	Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
Suriname	Republic	Executive	Parliamentary
Swaziland	Absolute monarchy
Sweden	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Switzerland	Republic	Executive	Parliamentary
Syria	Republic	Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
Tajikistan	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Tanzania	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Thailand	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Togo	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Tonga	Constitutional monarchy	Monarch personally exercises power alongside weak parliament
Trinidad and Tobago	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Tunisia	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Turkey	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Turkmenistan	Republic	Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
Tuvalu	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Uganda	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Ukraine	Republic	Executive	Semi-Presidential
United Arab Emirates	Constitutional monarchy	Monarch personally exercises power alongside weak parliament
United Kingdom	Constitutional monarchy	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
United States	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Uruguay	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Uzbekistan	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Vanuatu	Republic	Ceremonial	Parliamentary
Vatican City	Absolute monarchy
Venezuela	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Vietnam	Republic	Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement
Yemen	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Zambia	Republic	Executive	Presidential
Zimbabwe	Republic	Executive	Presidential

Notes on color-code

• orange - parliamentary republics
• green - presidential republics, executive presidency linked to a parliament
• yellow - presidential republics, semi-presidential system
• blue - presidential republics, full presidential system
• red - parliamentary constitutional monarchies in which the monarch does not personally exercise power
• magenta - constitutional monarchies in which the monarch personally exercises power, often (but not always) alongside a weak parliament
• purple - absolute monarchies
• brown - republics where the dominant role of a single party is codified in the constitution
• beige - states where constitutional provisions for government have been suspended
• grey - countries which do not fit any of the above systems

Note that several states constitutionally deemed to be multiparty republics are broadly described by outsiders as authoritarian states. This chart aims to represent de jure form of government, not de facto degree of democracy. Those more interested in a version reflecting such judgements may be interested in seeing this map from Freedom House. .

These are systems in which a president is the active head of the executive branch of government and is elected and remains in office independently of the legislature. The following list includes democratic and non-democratic states:

In full presidential systems, the president is both head of state and head of government. There is generally no prime minister, although if one exists he or she serves purely at the pleasure of the president.

Afghanistan Argentina Benin Bolivia Brazil Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Chile Colombia Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Costa Rica Côte d'Ivoire

Cyprus Djibouti Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Honduras Indonesia Iran [1] (to some degree) Kenya

Kiribati Liberia Madagascar Malawi Maldives Marshall Islands Mexico Federated States of Micronesia Nauru Nicaragua Nigeria Palau Panama Paraguay Philippines Rwanda

Seychelles Sierra Leone Sudan Suriname Tanzania Togo Tunisia Turkmenistan Uganda United States of America Uruguay Venezuela Zambia Zimbabwe

In semi-presidential systems, there is usually both a president and a prime minister. In such systems, the President has genuine executive authority, unlike in a parliamentary republic, but some of the role of a head of government is exercised by the prime minister, who is also leader of the legislature.

Algeria Angola [2] Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus[3] Bosnia and Herzegovina[4] Burkina Faso Cape Verde Egypt Finland France Georgia Guyana

Haiti Kazakhstan Republic of Korea Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Mali Moldova Mongolia Mozambique Namibia Niger Pakistan Peru[5]

Romania Russia São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Serbia Sri Lanka[6] Republic of China (Taiwan) Tajikistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Western Sahara [7] Yemen

A parliamentary republic is a system in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. The president's degree of executive power may range from being reasonably significant (eg. Poland) to little or none at all (eg. Ireland). Where the president holds little executive power, their function is primarily that of a symbolic figurehead.

Albania Austria Bangladesh [8] Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Dominica East Timor Estonia

Ethiopia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland India Ireland Iraq Israel

Italy Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Malta Mauritius Mauritania Montenegro Poland

Portugal Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Trinidad and Tobago Turkey Vanuatu

Prime minister is also head of state and given title of president

• Botswana ^[9]
• South Africa ^[10]
• Switzerland ^[11]
• San Marino ^[12]

Systems in which a prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. The head of state is a constitutional monarch who only exercises his or her powers with the consent of the government, the people or their representatives.

Andorra [13] Belgium Cambodia Denmark Japan Lesotho Luxembourg

Malaysia Netherlands Norway Samoa Spain Sweden United Kingdom (see also under Commonwealth realms)

Constitutional monarchies, in which Queen Elizabeth II serves as head of state over an independent government. In each Realm, she acts as the monarch of that state, and is usually titled accordingly - for example, Queen of Australia. The Queen appoints a Governor-General to each country other than the United Kingdom to act as her representative. The prime minister is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature.

Antigua and Barbuda Australia The Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica

New Zealand Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Solomon Islands Tuvalu United Kingdom

The prime minister (or equivalent) is the nation's active executive, but the monarch still has considerable political powers that can be used at his/her own independent discretion.

Bahrain Jordan Kuwait Liechtenstein

Monaco Morocco Tonga

Monarchies in which the monarch is the active head of the executive branch and exercises all powers.

Bhutan [14] Brunei Oman Qatar

Saudi Arabia Swaziland United Arab Emirates [15] Vatican City State

States based on a state religion where the head of state is selected by some form of religious hierarchy.

• Iran ^[1] (to some degree)
• the Holy See (Vatican City)

States in which political power is concentrated within a single political party whose operations are largely fused with the government hierarchy. However, some do have elected governments.

People's Republic of China (Communist Party) (list) Cuba (Communist Party) (list) Democratic People's Republic of Korea (Workers' Party) (list) Laos (Revolutionary Party) (list) Syria (Arab Socialist Ba'th Party) (list) Turkmenistan (Democratic Party) (list) Vietnam (Communist Party) (list)

The nation's armed forces control the organs of government and all high-ranking political executives are also members of the military hierarchy.

• Fiji^[16] (until 2010)
• Libya
• Myanmar

States which have a system of government which is in transition or turmoil and cannot be accurately classified. (with current direction of change)

• Eritrea (presidential republic)
• Iraq (parliamentary republic)
• Nepal (constitutional monarchy or parliamentary republic)
• Somalia (semi-presidential republic)
• Sudan (bipartisan Government of National Unity)
• Thailand (constitutional monarchy)

States in which the federal government shares power with semi-independent regional governments. In many cases, the central government is (in theory) a creation of the regional governments; a prime example is the United States.

Argentina (23 provinces and 1 autonomous city) Australia (6 states and 2 territories) Austria (9 states) Belgium (Flemish Region, Walloon Region and Brussels Capital Region) Bosnia and Herzegovina (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska) Brazil (26 states and 1 federal district) Canada (10 provinces and 3 territories) Comoros (Anjouan, Grande Comore, Mohéli) Ethiopia (9 regions and 2 chartered cities) Federated States of Micronesia (Chuuk, Kosrae, Pohnpei and Yap) Germany (16 states) India (28 states and 7 union territories) Iraq (Currently 1 Region)

Malaysia (13 states and 3 federal territories) Mexico (31 states and 1 federal district) Nigeria (36 states and 1 federal capital territory) Pakistan (4 provinces and 2 territories) Palau (16 states) Papua New Guinea (18 provinces, 1 autonomous province and 1 capital district) Russia (47 oblasts, 21 republics, 8 krais, 6 autonomous okrugs, 2 federal cities, 1 autonomous oblast) Saint Kitts and Nevis (Saint Kitts and Nevis) South Africa (9 provinces) Switzerland (26 cantons) United Arab Emirates (7 emirates) United States (50 states, 2 Commonwealths, 1 District (of Columbia), and 12 Territories) Venezuela (23 states and 1 capital district)

States in which the central government has delegated some of its powers to self-governing subsidiary governments, creating a de facto federation.

• Spain (17 autonomous communities and the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla)
• United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland)

States in which the central government has delegated some of its powers to regional governments.

• Italy (20 regions, five granted 'autonomous' status)
• New Zealand (12 regions)
• People's Republic of China (22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities, and 2 Special Administrative Regions)
• Philippines (17 regions, 1 granted 'autonomous' status)

A federacy is a country in which some substates function like states in a federation and others like states in a unitary state.

• Denmark with 2 autonomous regions and 5 regions;
• Finland with 1 autonomous province and 19 regions;
• France with 1 sui generis collectivity and 26 régions, 4 collectivités d'outre-mer, 1 territoire d'outre-mer;
• Kingdom of the Netherlands with 2 states and 12 provinces;
• Portugal with 2 autonomous regions (Azores and Madeira) and 18 districts;
• Serbia, significant autonomy granted to Vojvodina; Kosovo-Metohija under UN protectorate, future status being negotiated;
• Tanzania, 21 mainland regions, 5 regions under autonomous government of Zanzibar
• Ukraine, 24 oblasts, 2 special-status cities, and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea;

see Unitary state

1. ^ ^{a b} Iran combines the forms of a presidential republic, with a president elected by universal suffrage; and a theocracy, with a Supreme Leader who is ultimately responsible for state policy, chosen by the elected Assembly of Experts. Candidates for both the Assembly of Experts and the presidency are vetted by the appointed Guardian Council.
2. ^ While the office of Prime Minister exists, the President is both the Head of State and Head of Government.
3. ^ While the office of Prime Minister exists, the President is both the Head of State and Head of Government.
4. ^ Collective (3 member) presidency.
5. ^ While the office of Prime Minister exists, the President is both the Head of State and Head of Government.
6. ^ While the office of Prime Minister exists, the President is both the Head of State and Head of Government.
7. ^ The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) is a government in exile, located in Tindouf, Algeria. Most of the territory of Western Sahara is under military occupation by Morocco; the rest is administered by the SADR.
8. ^ In Bangladesh, a Caretaker government takes over for three months during parliamentary elections. The Caretaker government is headed by a Chief Advisor (the last Chief Justice to retire), and a group of neutral, non-partisan advisors chosen from the civil society. During this time, the president has jurisdiction over the Ministry of defense and the Ministry of foreign affairs.
9. ^ Combines aspects of an executive presidency with a parliamentary system. President is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister. The President is both head of state and government.
10. ^ Combines aspects of an executive presidency with a parliamentary system. President is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister. The President is both head of state and government.
11. ^ There is neither a prime minister nor a president of Switzerland. The President of the Swiss Confederation is merely primus inter pares in the Swiss Federal Council, the seven-member executive council which constitutes the government as well as the head of state of Switzerland.
12. ^ Collective presidency (two captains-regents). Captains-regents are both Head of State and Government simultaneously.
13. ^ Bishop of Urgell and President of France serve as ex-officio co-princes
14. ^ Bhutan is in the process of democratization by request of the king.
15. ^ UAE is a federation of absolute monarchies, with the federal president drawn from hereditary emirs
16. ^ The President of Fiji is the actual leader who on 4 December 2006 dissolved the parliament without the prime minister's consent, thereby setting the stage for a coup by the military commander.

• List of forms of government
• List of countries by date of transition to republican system of government

• Global Scan- Election Tracker
• Countries categorized by system of government in 20th century at Historical Atlas of 20th Century
• [1] A Chronology of political history based on Government form

v • d • e Lists by country
Lists of topics	Main article on each country · Country portals · Country categories · Country topics Culture · Demography · Economy · Geography · History · Maps · Politics · Religion · Sport · Country subdivisions · Tourism · Transport
Codes	Country calling codes · FIPS country codes · Internet TLDs · IOC country codes · ISO country codes · Ship prefixes
Names and symbols	Adjectives · Country name etymologies · Country native names · Coats of arms · Flags · State mottos · National anthems · National emblems
Politics and government	Election results · Incumbents · Intelligence agencies · National leaders · National legislatures · Political parties (party systems) · Sovereign states · System of government · Member states of the United Nations · Voting systems
Other data by country	Abortion law · Airlines · Armed forces · Authors · Battles · Cathedrals · Cemeteries · Cities · Colleges and universities · Currencies · Death penalty · Education · Emergency contraception · Football (soccer) · Forex rates · Homosexuality laws · Islands · Light-rail transit systems · Music genres · National capitals (historical) · National parks · Newspapers · Official languages · People · Common family names · Railway companies · Schools · World Heritage Sites
Other lists	Member states of the European Union (by accession • by political system) · Oldest person · Tallest buildings and structures
Articles that include one or more maps are shown in italics.