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The Big Hole, a prominent tourist attraction in Kimberley

Kimberley is a town in South Africa, and the capital of the Northern Cape. It is located at 28.742° S 24.772° ECoordinates: 28.742° S 24.772° E near the Orange River, and is serviced by the nearby Kimberley Airport. The Kimberley Comprehensive Urban Plan (1998) estimates that Kimberley has 210,800 people representing 46,207 households living in the city.

In 1866, Erasmus Jacobs found a small white pebble on the banks of the Orange River, on the farm De Kalk leased from local Griquas, near Hopetown. The pebble turned out to be a 21.25 carat (4.25 g) diamond. In 1871, an even larger 83.50 carat (16.7 g) diamond was found on the slopes of Colesberg Kopje, and led to the first diamond rush into the area. As miners arrived in their thousands, the hill disappeared, and became known as the Big Hole. A town, New Rush, was formed in the area, and was renamed to Kimberley on 5 June 1873, after the British Secretary of State for the Colonies at the time, John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley. The British, who had control of much of South Africa, were prompt to annex the area of the diamond mine, which became the British colony of Griqualand West. The Boers were upset by this, because they wanted it to be a part of the Orange Free State as it lay between Orange and Vaal rivers.

Du Toit Span Road Kimberley, 1899

The largest company to operate a diamond mine in South Africa was the De Beers Company, owned by Cecil Rhodes. Very quickly, Kimberley became the largest city in the area, mostly due to a massive African migration to the area from all over the continent. The immigrants were accepted with open arms, because the De Beers company was in search of cheap labour to help run the mines.

Kimberley Mine Museum

Five big holes were dug into the earth, which followed the kimberlite pipes. The largest, The Kimberley mine or "Big Hole" covering 170 000 m², reached a depth of 240 m and yielded 3 tons of diamonds. The mine was closed in 1914, while three of the holes – Du Toitspan, Wesselton and Bultfontein – closed down in 2005.

On 2 September 1882, Kimberley became the first town in the southern hemisphere to install electric street lighting.

The rising importance of Kimberley led to one of the earliest South African and International Exhibitions to be staged in Kimberley in 1892. It was opened by Sir Henry Loch, the then Governor of the Cape of Good Hope on the 8th of September. It presented exhibits of art, an exhibition of paintings from the royal collection of Queen Victoria and mining machinery and implements amongst other items. The exhibition aroused considerable interest at international level, which resulted in a competition for display space.

South Africa's first school of mines was opened here in 1896 and later relocated to Johannesburg, becoming the core of the University of the Witwatersrand. In fact the first two years were attended at colleges elsewhere in Capetown, Grahamstown or Stellenbosch, the third year in Kimberley and the fourth year in Johannesburg. Buildings were constructed against a total cost of 9000 pounds with De Beers contributing on a pound for pound basis.

Soup ration ticket from the Siege of Kimberley

On 14 October 1899, Kimberley was besieged at the beginning of the Second Boer War. The British forces trying to relieve the siege suffered heavy losses. The siege was only lifted on 15 February 1900, but the war continued until May 1902. By that time, the British had built a concentration camp at Kimberley to house Boer women and children.

In 1913, South Africa's first flying school opened at Kimberley and started training the pilots of the South African Aviation Corps, later the South African Air Force.

The city housed South Africa's first stock exchange.

Today, the Kimberley Mine Museum, situated next to the Big hole, is an important tourist attraction that houses a rich collection of articles and information from the early days of the city.

Kimberley has proposed the new Kimberley Stadium to be built in May 2007 for the 2010 Football World Cup but the proposal was not chosen as one of the ten venues for the tournament.

• Vicariate of Kimberley in Orange for the region's Catholic missionary history
• Kimberley Airport
• Battle of Modder River
• Battle of Paardeberg
• Battle of Magersfontein

• Official homepage
• Google Maps view of Kimberley
• The Kimberley Exhibition of 1892
• "Diamond Mines of South Africa" by Gardner Williams (General manager De Beers), Chapter 15 (25 page history + images).

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v • d • e Northern Cape Province of South Africa
Capital	Kimberley
Regions	Kalahari Desert | Namaqualand
Cities	Kimberley
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