Kambojas

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The Kambojas were a people of Iron Age India, frequently mentioned in (post-Vedic) Sanskrit literature, making their first appearance in the Mahabharata and contemporary Vedanga literature (roughly from the 5th century BCE). Their Kamboja Kingdoms were likely located in regions on both sides of the Hindukush (see Kamboja Location). They apparently qualify as an Indo-Iranian people, better as Iranians, cognate to the Indo-Scythians.

Together with the Indo-Scythian invasion of India during the pre-Kushana period, Kambojas appear to have migrated to Bengal, Sri Lanka and Cambodia in the period spanning the 2nd century BCE and the 5th century CE. Their descendants held various principalities in Medieval India, the one in north-west Bengal being seized, around middle of tenth century CE, from the Palas in Bengal.

The Kamboj tribe of the Greater Punjab[1] and the Kamoz and Katirs of the Siyahposh tribe in the Nuristan province of Afghanistan[2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15][16] [17] [18] consider themselves their descendants.

Contents

Main article: Ethnicity of Kambojas

Numerous classical sources indicate that ancient Kamboja was a center of Iranian civilization.[19] This is evident from the Mazdean religious customs of the ancient Kambojas,[20] as well as from the Avestan language they spoke.[21]


It is now widely accepted among scholars that the Kambojas were an Avestan speaking group of East Iranians, and were located mainly in north-eastern Afghanistan and parts of Tajikstan.[22] Some scholars also believe that the Zoroastrian religion originated in eastern Iran in the land of the Kambojas.[23]

Fourth/fifth century Buddhist commentator and great scholar Buddhaghosa [24] has also expressly described the Kambojas as of Parasaka-vanna (i.e of Parasa or Persian affinties).[25][26][27][28]

The tribal name Kamboja has been traced to the royal name Kambujiya of the Old Persian Inscriptions (known as Cambyses to the Greeks).[29][30][31][32][33][34] [35] [36].

Kambujiya or Kambaujiya was the name of several great Persian kings of the Achaemenid line. This name also appears written as C-n-b-n-z-y in Aramaic, Kambuzia in Assyrian, Kambythet in Egyptian, Kam-bu-zi-ia in Akkadian, Kan-bu-zi-ia in Elamite, and Kanpuziya in Susian language. The Khmer of Angkor believed their ancestors to be the people of "Kamboja" and traced their lineage to Kambujiya, hence the modern name of Cambodia, "Kampuchea".

Cambyses III, son of Cyrus the Great, is famous for his conquest of Egypt (525 BCE), and for the havoc he wrought upon that country.

According to several scholars, "Kambojas were probably the descendants of the Indo-Iranians (East Iranians) popularly known later on as the Sassanian and Parthians who occupied parts of north western India in first second centuries of the Christian era ".[37]

Main article: Kamboja Location

Analysis of ancient Sanskrit texts[38] and inscriptions[39] place the Kambojas, Gandharas, Yavanas (Greeks), Madras, and the Sakas in the Uttarapatha - the northern division of Jambudvipa (the innermost concentric island continent in Hindu scripture). Geographically, this area sat along, and was named for, the main trade route from the mouth the Ganges to Balkh, now a small town in Northern Afghanistan. Some writers hold that Uttarapatha included the whole of Northern India and comprised very area of Central Asia, as far as the Urals and the Caspian Sea to the Yenisei and from Turkistan and Tien Shan ranges to as far as the Arctic (Dr S. M. Ali).

Linguistic evidence, combined with this literary and inscriptional evidence, has led many scholars of note to conclude that ancient Kambojas originally belonged to the Ghalcha-speaking area of Central Asia. For example, Yasaka's Nirukata (II/2) attests that verb shavati in the sense "to go" was used by only the Kambojas. It has been proven that the modern Ghalcha dialects, Valkhi, Shigali, Sriqoli, Jebaka (also called Sanglichi or Ishkashim), Munjani, Yidga and Yagnobi, mainly spoken in Pamirs and countries on the headwaters of Oxus, still use terms derived from ancient Kamboja shavati in the sense "to go". The Yagnobi dialect spoken in Yagnobi around the headwaters of Zeravshan in Sogdiana, also still contains a relic from ancient Kamboja shavati in the sense "to go" [40]. Further, according to Sir G Grierson, the speech of Badakshan was a Ghalcha till about three centuries ago when it was supplanted by a form of Persian [41].

Thus, the ancient Kamboja probably included the Pamirs, Badakshan, and possibly parts of Tajikstan, including Yagnobi region in the doab of the Oxus [42]. On the east it was bounded roughly by Yarkand and/or Kashgar, on the west by Bahlika (Uttaramadra), on the northwest by Sogdiana, on the north by Uttarakuru, on the southeast by Darada, and on the south by Gandhara.

Later, some sections of the Kambojas crossed the Hindukush and planted Kamboja colonies in Paropamisadae and as far as Rajauri. This view is fully supported by the Mahabharata,[43] which specifically draws attention to the Kambojas in the cis-Hindukush region as being neighbors to the Daradas, and the Parama-Kambojas across the Hindukush as being neighbors to the Rishikas (or Tukharas) of Ferghana/Sogdiana.

The two separate Kamboja settlements are also substantiated from Ptolemy's Geography, which references a geographical term Tambyzoi located on the river Oxus in Bactria,[44] and an Ambautai people living on the southern side of Hindukush in the Paropamisadae.[45] Scholars have identified both the Ptolemian Tambyzoi and Ambautai with Sanskrit Kamboja.[46][47]

The Yidga sub-dialect of Galcha Munjani is still spoken on the southern sides of Hindukush in Paropamisadae, further strengthening the view that some Kambojas crossed south of the Hindukush. Still further, Ptolemy Geography attests a tribal people called Khomaroi and Komoi located north of Bactria in Sogdiana [48]. It has also been pointed out that the Ptolemian Komoi is classical form of Kamboi (or Kamboika: from Pali Kambojika, Sanskrit Kamboja) [49]. This settlement of the Kamboj is believed to have resulted in the wake of tribal movement of the Scythian Komedes (which included Parama Kambojas) from Alai Valley/Alai Mountains into the west around second century BCE.

Scholars like Dr Buddha Parkash identify the Ptolemian Komedei [50] with the Komudha-dvipa of the Puranic literature and also connect it with the Iranian Kambojas [51].

With time, the trans-Hindukush Kambojas remained essentially Iranian in culture and religion, while those in the cis-Hindukush region came partially (or partly) under Indian cultural influence. This probably is the reason as to why the ancient Kambojas are believed to have had both Indian as well as Iranian affinities.

Still later, some sections of the Kambojas apparently moved even farther, to Arachosia, as attested by the Aramaic version of Greco-Aramaic inscriptions of king Ashoka found in Kandahar. Some scholars have identified the original Kamboja with Arachosia, but this view does not seem to be correct.

Historians believe that, there was a movement of the Eurasian nomads in Iran in the early centuries of first millennium BCE, in which the Cimmerians and Yautiya figured prominently. Driven by Medes, these Eurasian nomads bifurcated into two wings, the right one pushing north-westwards up to Transcaspiana and the left one wheeling towards the south-east and penertrating into Afghanistan and Punjab. Closely allied to the Iranian Yautiya were the Kurus, Kambojas and some other clans of the Scythians, which in later centuries, had sided with Achaemenid Teispes (Cispi), and contributed to the formation of Achaemenian empire in Iran (Dr Buddha Prakash, Dr C. Chakravarty, Qamarud Din Ahmed etc). Soon these early Scythians merged with sedentary population of Iranians and became an integral part of them thus losing all traces of this ancient incursion except for some place-names, noted by a grammarian, interested in linguistics or some faint traditions lost in the multitudinous amalgam of legendary lore. According to Dr Buddha Prakash, the Indian epic Mahabharata, in reality, is a record of Scytho-Iranian invasion of India of the 9th c BCE.[52][53] Mahabharata abundantly attests that the Kambojas and their kindered migrating Scythian tribes like the Sakas, Tusharas etc had played a very prominent role in the Kurukshetra war where they had fought under the supreme command of Sudakshina Kamboja.

According to Dr Chandra Chakravarty, the nomadic invaders who had invaded Iran several centuries prior to Christian era were Scythian tribes of the Kambysene from west of Caspian region i.e. ancient Armenia. Name Kambysene has been attested anciently by Strabo which he specifies as a region bordering on Caucasus mountains.[54] It comprised a rugged region through which a road connecting Albania and Iberia passed.[55] The Greek form of the name is believed to have been derived in the Hellenistic period from an indigenous name, corresponding to Armenian Kamboean. In Georgian, it is written Kambeovani, in Arabic, Qambzan. In Sanskrit, it was spoken as Kamboja. Though not attested prior to Strabo, the region Kambysene is believed to have born this name since remote antiquity. The tribal people living around this region were also called by the same name. Strabo also attests two rivers viz: Cyrus (modern Kura) and Cambysene (modern Jori),[56] the latter was a tributary of the former. According to Ernst Herzfeld, the names of Cyrus and Cambyses rivers, as well as the Achaemenid names Kurush and Kambujiya, were derived from two ethnics.[57] Obviously these two ethnics were none else than the ancient Kurus and Kambojas of the Sanskrit traditions.

According to Dr Chandra Chakravarty, the Kambysene of the Greeks translates into Kamboja and the Cyrus into Kuru of the Sanskrit texts.[58] Dr Chakravarty also notes that the hordes, who had participated in the earlier invasion of Iran along with Yauteyas were the Nordic Scythians who were living around the Kambysene region, near Mt Caucasus in ancient Armenia. They were the Kuru-Kambojas of the Sanskrit texts [59]. These Nordic Kuru-Kamboja hordes, later mixed with the Alpine base "Parsa-Xsayatia" (Purush-Khattis) Iranians [60] and gave birth to the famous Achaemenian dynastic line of Persia. This might explain as to why the Achemenians chose to name their famous kings as Kambujiya (Cambyses) and Kurush (Cyrus). Dr Chakravarty further states that the Kambohs of NW Punjab are the modern representatives of these Scythian Kambysene, whom he calls Scythian Kambojas.[61] Dr Chakravarty further writes that a branch of these Scythian Kambysene had also settled in the north-west India (in Afghanistan) which region became known in ancient Sanskrit/Pali texts as Kamboja; and yet another branch of them reached Tibetan plateau where they mixed with the locals; and some Tibetans are still called Kambojas.[62] And through Tibet, they went further to Mekong valley where they were called Kambujas (Cambodians), now represented by the Chams, still a tall, fair, dolichocephelic people with non-mongoloid eyes of the Mon-Khmers [63]

Main article: Kambojas in Indian literature

In anciant Indian traditions, the Kambojas obviously belonged to the Kshatriya caste of Indo-Aryan society.

The earliest and most powerful reference endorsing the Kshatriya-hood of the Kambojas is Panini's fifth century BCE Ashtadhyayi. Panini refers to the Kamboja Janapada, and mentions it as "one of the fifteen powerful Kshatriya Janapadas" of his times, inhabited and ruled by Kamboja Kshatriyas [64].

See: Kambojas of Panini

The Harivamsa attests that the clans of Kambojas, Sakas, Yavanas, Pahlavas etc. were "formerly noble Kshatriyas". It was king Sagara who had deprived the Kambojas, and other allied tribes, of their Kshatiya-hood [65] and forbade them from performing Svadhyayas and Vasatkaras.[66].

The Harivamsa calls this group of Sakas, Kambojas, Yavanas, Pahlavas and Paradas as "Kśatriya-pungavah", i.e., foremost among the Kśatriyas. Vayu Purana calls them as "Kśatriya ganah" (Kshatriya hordes).[67][68][69]

The Manusmriti attests that the Kambojas, Sakas, Yavanas etc were originally "noble Kshatriyas", but were gradually degraded to the status of Sudras, on account of their neglect of sacred rites and non-entertainment of the Brahmanas in their countries [70].

The Mahabharata likewise, also notes that the Kambojas, Sakas, Yavanas, Pahlavas, et al. were originally "noble Kshatriyas", who later got degraded to barbaric status due to the wrath of the Brahmanas [71].

Furthermore, while making a reference to a Kamboja king called Kamatha, the Sabha Parva of Mahabharata also styles the Kamboja prince as one of the foremost Kshatriya princes present among the princely invitees of the Pandava king Yudhisthira on the inauguration ceremony of the royal palace [72].

The legend of Daivi Khadga or Divine Sword detailed in Shantiparva of Mahabharata[73] again powerfully endorses the Kshatriya-hood of the Kambojas. The sword as the "symbol of Kshatriya-hood" was wrested by the warrior king Kamboja from the Kosala king Kuvalashava alias Dhundhumara, from whom it went to another warrior king called Muchukunda.[74].

See: Mahabharata Sword

The Arthashastra of Kautiliya attests the Kshatriya Shrenis (Corporations of Kshatriyas or Warriors) of the Kambojas, Surashtras, and some other nations, and mentions them as living by agriculture, trade and warfare [75].

See: Kambojas in Kautiliya's Arthashastra

Also, according to numerous Puranas, the military Corporations of the Shakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Pahlavas and Paradas, known as five hordes (pānca-ganah), had militarily supported the Haihaya and Talajunga Kshatriyas in depriving Ikshvaku king Bahu (the 7th king in descent from Harishchandra), of his Ayodhya kingdom. A generation later, Bahu's son, Sagara recaptured Ayodhya after totally destroying the Haihaya and Talajangha Kshatriyas in the battle. Story goes that king Sagara had punished these foreign hordes by changing their hair-styles and turning them into degraded Kshatriyas.[76]

Bhagavata Purana[77] references a king of the Kambojas, and calls him a "powerfully armed mighty warrior" (samiti-salina atta-capah Kamboja).

Kalika Purana[78] refers to a war between the Buddhist king Kali (Maurya Brihadratha) and the Brahmanical king Kalika (Pusyamitra Sunga), where the Kambojas came as military supporters to Brihadratha, (187-180) BCE. The Purana notes the Kamboja warriors as Kambojai...bhimavikramaih, i.e. the Kambojas of terrific military prowess", again confirming the Kshatriya-hood of the Kambojas.

Brahmanda Purana talks of 21 battles waged by Brahma-Kshatriya sage Parsurama against the ancient Haihaya dynasty clans of the Indian subcontinent. The list of Haihaya dynasty clans whom sage Parsurama fought with includes the Kambojas as well.[79] This ancient evidence again verifies that Kambojas were a Kshatriya clan.

There are numerous similar references in the Puranas, Mahabharata, Ramayana and other ancient Sanskrit and Pali literature, that further document the Kshatriya-hood of the Kambojas.

Passages in Mahabharata, Puranas and other ancient texts indicate that the Kambojas were 'valiant warriors' [80]; particularly 'hard to fight with' [81]; invincible [82]; expert in the use of 'diverse weapons' [83]; 'wrathful, ferocious and shaved-headed warriors' [84]; expert cavalarymen [85]; 'deadly like cobras' [86]; 'strikers of fierce force' [87]; 'Death-personified' [88]; 'of a fearful bearing like Yama' (the god of death) [89]; and 'the war-loving Kambojas' [90] etc.

Chudakarma Samskaara of Paraskara Grhya-Sutram [91], Vamsa Brahmana [92] of the Sama Veda[12], the Epic Ramayana as well as Mahabharata and some other ancient references profusely attest that a section of the ancient Kambojas also practiced Brahmanism i.e they had adopted the profession of learning and teaching. Thus we see that the ancient Kambojas are known to have been great scholars and teachers. Undoubtedly, they were intimately connected with ancient famous University of Taxila in Gandhara.

In Paraskara Grhya-sutram (verse 2.1.2), the Kambojas have been listed at par with the Vasishthas--the cultural heroes of ancient India. Their social customs are stated to be identical. Rsi Upamanyu, the composer of Rigvedic Hymn (1. 102. 9); and his son/descendent Kamboja Aupamanyava-- a hallowed sage and teacher mentioned in Vamsa Brahmana of the Sama Veda-- are some of the very distinguished ancient philosophers/scholars and teachers born of the Kamboja lineage.

Drona Parva section of Mahabharata amply attests that, besides being fierce warriors, the entire Kamboj soldiery which participated in the Kurukshetra war was also noted as learned people .[93].

Benjamin Walker observes:

"Kambojas were not only famous for their furs and woolen blankets embroidered with threads of gold, their wonderful horses and their beautiful women, but by epic period, they had become especially renowned as Vedic teachers and their homeland as a seat of Brahmanical learning" [94].

Dr A. D. Pusalkar observes:

“The speech of Kambojas is referred to by Yaska as differing from that of other Aryans and Grierson sees in this reference the Iranian affinities of the Kambojas, but the fact that the Kambojas teachers were reputed for their Vedic learning shows them to have been Vedic Aryans, so that the Kamboja was an Aryan settlemen”[95]

Viveka Nanda and Lokesh Chander write:

"The teachers of Kamboja were known for their Vedic learning. Culturally, Afghanistan then formed part of India...." [96].

See also : Brahmanism of Ancient Kambojas.

Main article: Kamboja Horsemen

The horses of the Kambojas were famous throughout all periods of ancient history [97]. Ancient literature is overflowing with excellent references to the famed Kamboja horses. The Puranas, the Epics, ancient Sanskrit plays, the Buddhist Jatakas, the Jaina Canon, and numerous other ancient sources, all agree that the horses of the Kambojas were a foremost breed.

In Buddhist texts like Manorathpurani, Kunala Jataka and Samangavilasini, the Kamboja land is spoken of as the "birth place of horses" (Kambojo assánam áyatanam.... Samangalavilasini, I, p. 124).

The Aruppa-Niddesa of Visuddhimagga of Buddhaghosa mentions Kamboja as the "base of horses" (10/28).

In the Mahavastu, the superb horses of Kambojas (Kambojaka Asvanara) are also referred to and glorified [98].

The Jaina Canon Uttaradhyana-Sutra[99] tells us that a trained Kamboja horse exceeded all other horses in speed and no noise could ever frighten it.[100]

The Bhishamaparva of Mahabharata[101] lists the best horses from various lands, but places the steeds from Kamboja at the head of the list, and specifically designates them as the leaders among the best horses (Kamboja....mukhyanam).[102]

In the great battle fought on the field of Kurukshetra, the fast and powerful steeds of Kamboja were of greatest service [103].

Besides, the Ramayana,[104] Kautiliya's Arthashastra,[105] the Brahmanda Purana,[106] Somes'ara's Manasollasa,[107] Ashva. Chakitsata by Nakula (p. 415), Raghuvamsha[108] and Mandakraanta of Kalidasa, Karanabhaar (Ch 19) of Bhaasa, Vamsa-Bhaskara, Madhypithika, Karnatakadambari of Nagavarman (verse 96, p 305) and numerous other ancient texts and inscriptions also make highly laudatory references to Kamboja horses, and state them the finest breed.

Vishnu Vardhana (12th century), the real founder of Hoysala greatness, who later on became ruler of Mysore, made the earth tremble under the tramp of his powerful Kamboja horses.[109]

There were Kamboja steeds in the cavalry of Pandya king Vallabhadeva who is referred to as the proud possessor/rider of the Kamboja horses and elephants.[110]

These references amply demonstrate that Kamboja horses were sleek, very powerful and a foremost breed. They have been especially noted for their great fleetness and remarkable behavior on the battle field. No doubt, Kamboja steeds were the prized possession of kings and warriors in ancient times.

It was on account of their supreme position in horse (Ashva) culture that the ancient Kambojas were also popularly known as Ashvakas, i.e. horsemen. Their clans in the Kunar andSwat valleys have been referred to as Assakenoi and Aspasioi in classical writings, and Ashvakayanas and Ashvayanas in Panini's Ashtadhyayi.

The Mahabharata specifically refers to the Kambojas as Ashva-Yuddha-Kushalah, i.e., expert cavalrymen.[111] Similarly, Vishnudharmotra Purana also attests that the Kambojans and Gandharans were proficient in cavalry warfare (Ashva-Yuddha).[112][113][114]

Dronaparva highly applauds the Kamboja cavalry as extremely fast and fleet i.e. ’’Kambojah... yayur.ashvair.mahavegaih’’.[115]

The Mahabharata, Ramayana, numerous Puranas and some foreign sources amply attest that "Kamboja cavalry-troopers were frequently requisitioned in ancient wars" (see Ashvaka#Kamboja cavalry in ancient wars).

Therefore, there is no exaggeration in the Mahabharata statement portraying the ancient Kambojas as horse-lords and masters of horsemanship.

Main articles: Alexander's Conflict with the Kambojas and Ashvakas

Because the Kambojas were famous for their horses (ashva) and as cavalry-men (ashvaka) they were also popularly called "Ashvakas". The Ashvakas inhabited Eastern Afghanistan, and were included within the more general term Kambojas.[116] French scholars like Dr. E. Lamotte also identify the Ashvakas with the Kambojas.[117] [118] [119] [120] [121] [122]. According to one line of scholars, the name Afghan is evidently derived from Ashvakan, the Assakenoi of Arrian.[123] See: Origins of the name Afghan

The Kambojas entered into conflict with Alexander the Great as he invaded Central Asia: "The Macedonian conqueror made short shrifts of the arrangements of Darius and over-running Achaemenid Empire, dashed into Afghanistan and encountered stiff resistance of the Kamboja tribes called Aspasioi and Assakenoi known in the Indian texts as Ashvayanas and Ashvakayanas".[124] [125] [126] [127]. These Ashvayana and Ashvakayana clans fought the invaders, according to the graphic account by Diodorus Siculus even the women took up arms, preferring "a glorious death to a life of dishonor".[128] Accodding to Diodorus, the Ashvakas had fielded 30,000 strong cavalry, 30 elephants and 20,000 infantry against Alexander.

The Ashvayans (Aspasioi) were also good cattle breeders and agriculturists. This is clear from large number of bullocks, 230,000 according to Arrian, of a size and shape superior to what the Macedonians had known, that Alexander captured from them and decided to send to Macedonia for agriculture.[129]

The Mudrarakshas play of Visakhadutta as well as the Jain work Parisishtaparvan refers to Chandragupta Maurya's alliance with the Himalayan king Parvatka. The Himalayan alliance gave Chandragupta a composite army made up of Yavanas, Kambojas, Sakas, Kiratas, Parasikas and Bahlikas (Bactrians) (Mudrarakshas, II).[130]

With the help of these frontier warlike clans from the northwest whom Justin brands as "a band of robbers", Chandragupta managed to defeat, upon Alexander's death, the Macedonian straps of Punjab and Afghanistan, and following this, the corrupt Nanda ruler of Magadha, thereby laying the foundations of a powerful Maurya Empire in northern and north-western India.

The Kambojas find prominent mention as a unit in the 3rd century BCE Edicts of Ashoka. Rock Edict XIII tells us that the Kambojas had enjoyed autonomy under the Mauryas. The republics mentioned in Rock Edict V are the Yonas, Kambojas, Gandharas, Nabhakas and the Nabhapamkitas. They are designated as araja. vishaya in Rock Edict XIII, which means that they were kingless i.e. republican polities. In other words, the Kambojas formed a self-governing political unit under the Maurya Emperors.[131]

King Ashoka sent missionaries to the Kambojas to convert them to Buddhism, and recorded this fact in his Rock Edict V.

Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa attest that Ashoka sent thera Maharakkhita to Yona, and Majjhantika to Kashmra and Gandhara, to preach Dharma among the Yonas, Gandharas and Kambojas.

Sasanavamsa specifically attests that Maharakkhita thera went to Yonaka country and established Buddha's Sasana "in the lands of the Kambojas and other countries"[132]

Thus, the Zoroastrian as well as some Hindu Kambojas appear to have embraced Buddhism in large numbers, due to the efforts of king Ashoka and his envoys. Although it is unknown whether they were patrons of Buddhistic Hinduism or nastik Buddhism.

Main article: Migration of Kambojas

'Like other Central Asian hordes such as the Madras, Sakas, Yavanas, Tukharas, Hunas, Rishikas etc, a section of the Kambojas, originally a Trans-Indian tribe, had crossed into India, but appears not to have maintained their identity or importance' [133]. Particularily during the second/first centuries BCE, in their advance from their original home, one stream of the Kambojas, allied with the Sakas and Pahlavas, had proceeded to Sindhu, Sauvira and Surastra; while the other stream allied with the Yavanas appears to have moved to Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. There are important references to the warring Mleccha hordes of the Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Pahlavas etc in the Bala Kanda of the Valmiki Ramayana [134]. The invading hordes of the Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Pahlavas, Abhiras etc from the north-west had entered Punjab, United Province, Sindhu, Rajasthan and Gujarat in large numbers, wrested political control of northern India from the Indo-Aryans and had established their respective kingdoms/principalities as independent rulers in the land of the Indo-Aryans--a fact sufficiently attested by the Hindu texts like the epic Mahabharata [135] as well as Kalki Purana [136]. There is also a literary as well as inscriptional evidence supporting the Yavana and Kamboja overlordship in Mathura in Uttar Pradesh [137]. The royal family of the Kamuias (Pali: Kambojikas or Sanskrit: Kambojas) referenced in the Mathura Lion Capital inscriptions of the Saka Mahakshatrapa Rajuvula, are believed to be linked to the royal house of Taxila/Swat in Gandhara/Kamboja [138]. The Maitraka Dynasty of Saurashtra/Gujarat, in all probability, belonged the Kambojas, who had settled down in south-western India around Christian era. In Mediaval era, the Kambojas are known to have seized north-west Bengal (Gauda) from the Palas of Bengal and established their own Kamboja-Pala Dynasty. Indian texts like Markendeya Purana [139], Vishnu Dharmottari [140] Agni Purana [141], Garuda Purana [142], Arthashastra of Barhaspatya [143] and Brhatsamhita of Vrahamihira [144] etc etc profusely attest Kamboja references in the south-western and Southern India. The inscriptional references of the medieval era rulers of Vijayanagara of southern India also attest one Kamboja kingdom as abutting on the borders of the Vijayanagara Empire. These facts sufficiently prove that the Kambojas from Central Asia had migrated into interior India around Christian times and had permanently made India their home. There are also several ancient inscriptional references, prior to second c BCE, which attest Kamboja presence in Sri Lanka [145] which amply attest a Kamboja Sangha [146] as well as grand Kamboja guilds [147] in Sri Lanka, thus indisputably proving that the Kambojas had also migrated to Sri Lanka during pre-Christian times. The Sihalavatthu, a Pali text of about the fourth century, also attests a group of people called Kambojas living in Rohana in Sri Lanka [148]. This Sinhala evidence gives powerful support to the view that the Kambojas who had founded the ancient Kambuja kingdom, in Indochinese peninsula, were none-else than the north-western Kambojas, who had migrated to Indo-china from from Sri Lanka.

See Main article: Kambojas and Cambodia and Kamboja Colonists of Sri Lanka

Markendeya Purana[149] lists the Kambojas and Pahlavas among the countries of Udichya division i.e. Uttarapatha, but the next chapter (58.30-32) of the same work also refers to other Kamboja and Pahlava settlements, locating them in the south-west of India neighboring the Sindhu, Sauvira and Anarta (north Saurashtra) countries.[150]

Brhatsamhita of Varaha Mihira (6th century CE) also locates a Kamboja and Pahlava settlement specifically in the south-west (nairrtyam dizi) of India, neighbouring Sindhu, Sauvira, Saurashtra and Dravida.[151]

Arthashastra of Barhaspatya[152] refers to the Kamboja as a great country (Mahavishaya) and locates it adjacent to the Dasrana country (southern Malwa), east of Gujarat.[153]

Vishnu Dharmottari[154] includes the Kambojas in the list of Janapadas of south-west India.[155]

Raajbilaas, a medieval text, locates a Kamboj settlement in the neighborhood of Kachcha, Sorata or Saurashtra and Gurjara countries of SW India.[156]

Interestingly, Agni Purana locates two Kamboja settlements in India itself....... Kambhoja in south-west India and Kamboja in southern parts of India.[157]

The Garuda Purana which was composed comparatively late, also locates a Kamboj principality/settlement in the neighborhood of Ashmaka, Pulinda, Jimuta, Narashtra, Lata and Karnata countries, and also specifically informs us that this section of Kambojas were living in southern division of India (dakshina.path.vasinah).[158]

But like Agni Purana, some recensions of Garuda Purana rather mention two Kamboja settlements within India proper....one Kamboja in south-west India and the second Kamboja in southern India.[159]

The above post-Christian Sanskrit references abundantly establish as historical fact, that in the wake of the major events of the second and first centuries BCE, some groups of Central Asian Kambojas in alliance with the Sakas and Pahlavas, had settled the western and south-western parts of India.

IHQ observes: "A branch of the Kambojas known as Apara Kambojas (western Kambojas) is also noticed ".[160]

The Kambojas in and around west, south-west India are also mentioned in inscriptions by king Sahasiva Raya of the Sangama Dynasty (1336-1478), kings Harihara & Deva Raya of Narasinga Dynasty (1496-1567), and from the references of king Vishnuvardhana of Hoiyasala Dynasty/Mysore (12th century CE).

Due to the above cited literary/inscriptional evidence, some historians, including Dr Aiyangar and Dr Banerjee, have located Kamboja in Sindhu and Gujarat.[161] It seems clear that the Kamboja they refer to are the post-Christian settlements of Kambojas in western or south-western India and not the original Kamboja of the Sanskrit/Pali literature.

The biography of Shankara Acharya, which is based on religious itineraries, refers to Kambhoja located in Saurashtra comprising Girnar, Somnath, Prabhasa and other regions and a Kamboja located in Central Asia adjacent to Daradistan but lying north of Kashmir. This eighth-century reference attests to two Kamboja settlements, one specifically situated in Saurashtra http://www.geocities.com/advaitavedant/shankarabio.htm. Some historians have also invested western Kshatrapas, especially the Kshahrata Kshatrapas with Kamboja ethnicity.[162]

Kambhoja Raja Kathalu is highly popular in Andhra traditions. The story deals with the militaristic exploits of a fierce and adventurous Kambojan king. The tale probably relates to a historical brush between the Andhraites and the intruding Kamboja/Pahlavas hordes in the Christian era.

The Kamboja hordes of the second/first century BCE have left indelible foot prints in the names of mountains, rivers and other geographical places in western India. The Kamb/Kambuh river and Kamboh/Kambo mountain in Sindh[163] are reminiscent of Sanskrit Kamboja. The Kamboi (ancient town/port) in district Patan, Khambhoj in district Anand, Kambay (port/town and Gulf) ... all in Saurashtra; Kumbhoj/Kambhoj (an ancient town) in Kolhapur in Maharashtra; and the Koimbatore city of Tamilnadu in southern India carry the unmistakable footprints of Kambojas. There is also an ancient Kambhoj jaina community living near Nanded in Maharashtra, possibly the dwindling remnant of ancient Kambojas who had settled southwest India around the Christian era. (See links: [13] , [14] ) [164]. The community obviously seems to have mixed with the local communities over time and imbibed local cultures and languages.

Main articles: Kamboj and Kamboj in Muslim and British Era

The population of the modern people who still call themselves Kamboj (or prikritic Kamboh, or Kamoz) or Kambhoj is estimated to be around 1.5 million and the rest of their population, over the time, submerged with other occupationalized castes/groups of the Indian sub-continent like the Khatris, Rajputs, Jatts, Arain and others.

The Kambojs, by tradition, are divided into 52 and 84 clans. 52 line is stated to be descendants of Cadet branch and 84 from the elder Branch. This is claimed as referring to the young and elder military divisions under which they had fought the Bharata War. Numerous of their clan names overlap with other Kshatriyas and the Rajput castes of the north-west India, thereby suggesting that some of the Kshatriya/Rajput clans of north-west must have descended from the Ancient Kambojas.[165]

  1. ^ An Inquiry into the Ethnography of Afghanistan, 1891, pp. 2, 146, 150, H. W. Bellew; Supplementary Glossary of Tribes, 1844, p 304, H. M. Ellot; The Tribes and Castes of North-western and Oudh, 1906, pp 119-120, 458, William Crooke; Report on the Settlement of Land Revenue of Sultanpur Distt. (With) Accompaniment; 1873, p 88, A. F. Millet; Die Holztempel Des Oberen Kulutales in Ihren Historischen, Religiosen Und Kunstgeschichtlichen ..., 1974, p 26, Gabriele Jettmar; Report on the settlement of the land revenue of the Sultánpur district. [With] Accompaniments, 1873, p 88, A F. Millett; Paradise of Gods, 1966, p 331, Qamarud Din Ahmed; Literary History of Ancient India, 1952, p 165, Dr Chandra Chakraverty; Problems of Indian Society, 1968, p 69, Dr D. Bose; Bhartiya Itihaas ki Mimamsa, p 230, Dr J. C. Vidyalankar; Bani Kanta Kakati Memorial Lecturers, p 21, Gauhati University; "India and the World", 1964, p 154, Dr Buddha Prakash; Geographical Data in Early Purana, A Critical Study, 1972, p 168, Dr M. R. Singh; Tribes of Ancient India, 1977, p 322, Dr M. Choudhury; Early History of India, 1942, p 2, Roshan Rai; History of Poros, 1967, p 12, Dr Buddha Prakash; Kirata-Kriti: The Indo-Mongloloids, Their Contribution to History and Culture of India, 1974, p 113, Dr S. K. Chatterjee; Cf: Indo-Aryans: contributions towards the elucidation of their ancient and mediæval history, 1881, 187, Rājendralāla Mitra; Geography from Ancient Indian Coins & Seals, 1989, p 24, Parmanand Gupta; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada (Ancient Kamboja, people and country), 1981, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī ; History of Origin of Some Clans in India, with Special Reference to Jats, 1992, p 149, Mangal Sen Jindal; Balocistān: siyāsī kashmakash, muz̤mirāt va rujḥānāt, 1989, Munīr Aḥmad Marrī; تاريخ قوم كمبوه: جديد تحقيق كى روشنى ميں, چوهدرى محمد يوسف حسن, 1996, Cauhdrī Muḥammad Yūsuf Ḥasan; Folklore of the Punjab, 1971, p 7, Sohindara Singh Wanajārā Bedī; Cf: Inscriptions of A�soka: Translation and Glossary, 1990, p 86, Beni Madhab Barua, Binayendra Nath Chaudhury etc.
  2. ^ See refs: Mountstuart Elphinstone, "An account of the kingdom of Caubol", fn p 619; Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 1843, p 140; Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1874, p 260 fn; Die altpersischen Keilinschriften: Im Grundtexte mit Uebersetzung, Grammatik und Glossar, 1881, p 86, Friedrich Spiegel; Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 133, fn, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Banerjee; The Achaemenids and India, 1974, p 13, Dr S Chattopadhyaya .
  3. ^ Cf: There is an apparent trace of their (Kambojas') name in the Caumogees of Kaferistan, who may have retreated to the mountains before the advance of the Turk tribes (Dr. H. H. Wilson). See fn 374:15: [1] .
  4. ^ Cf: " The tribe (Kambojas), who most likely occupied Paropamisan mountains and the plains to the northward, which are still famous for their breed of horses, may have perhaps subsequently extended to east, as we find traces of the name in the Hindukush, as a part of the Kafirs bearing the appellation of Kaumojees, which we can scarcely doubt to represent the ancient denomination Kambojas" (See Ref: Art. XV, Notes on Sabhaparva of Mahabharata, illustrative of some Ancient Usages and Articles of Traffic of Hindus, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1843, p 140, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland).
  5. ^ Cf: "The geographical title of Kamboja is retained to present days in the Kamoj of Cafferistan" (See: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1990, p 97, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland).
  6. ^ Cf: "Kambojas must have inhabited the Hindukush mountain and the adjoining country, as its Kafirs, says Elphinstone, still call them Kamoj" (Peter weiss: Von existentialistischen Drama zum marxistischen Welttheater, eine kritische Bilanz, 1971, Otto F. Best).
  7. ^ Kāmarūpaśāsanāvalī, 1981, p 137, Dimbeswar Sarma, Premadhar Chowdhury, Rajani Kanta Deva Sarma; Raghuvamsa of Kalidasa, 1991, p 114, M. R. (Moreshvar Ramchandra) Kale, Kālidāsa, Mallinātha.
  8. ^ Cf: "Thus traces of the old Kamboja tribe exist at the present day in the Badakshan and the Pamirs regions. In the west, the tribe (Kamboja), in the ancient days, seems to have extended as far as the eastern part of Afghanistan, for here we find peoples who call themselves Kamoja and in which we can trace probably the survival of the name Kamboja” (See: The Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 192 ).
  9. ^ Cf: Die Kafirs werden Kamoze oder Kamboja genannt (nach Elphinstone) (Adolf Bastian) (See: Die Voelker des Oestlichen Asien Studien und Reisen, Band I. Die Geschichte der Indochinesen, p 456: See link: [2]) .
  10. ^ Cf: "A trace of Kambojas, in their original seat, seems to remain in the Kaumojas of the Hindukush" (See foot note 4: [3]).
  11. ^ Cf: "The Kambojas were probably represented by the Kafir tribe of Kamoj. And it seems not unlikely that a remnant of the Kambojas may have been driven into the mountains by some of the invaders of the country. Popular tradition says, in fact, that the Kamoj were driven out of the country of Candahar (Gandhara)" (Ref: The Sun and the Serpent: p 127-128, Charles Fredrick Oldham: See link: [4].
  12. ^ See also: Die altpersischen Keilinschriften: Im Grundtexte mit Uebersetzung, Grammatik und Glossar – 1881, Page 86, Fr. (Friedrich) Spiegel): See link: [5].
  13. ^ The Journal of the United Service Institution of India, 1871, United Service Institution of India.
  14. ^ Cf: "The Kamoz tribe of the Kafirs are fairly supposed to be the surviving representatives of the Kambojas of primeval Indian literature, a name with which scholars have connected that of Cambyses..." (See ref: The Quarterly Review, 1873, p 537, William Gifford, George Walter Prothero, John Gibson Lockhart, John Murray, Whitwell Elwin, John Taylor Coleridge, Rowland Edmund Prothero Ernle, William Macpherson, William Smith - 1873); Also: Central Asia (in Living Age), 1873, p 781.
  15. ^ Cf: “The Shia-posh tribe which now resides on the Hindukush Mountain is said to have descended from Kambojas” (See: The Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 513; See also: Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval India, p 87).
  16. ^ Revue d'ethnographie also notes that the Kamoze, Hilar, Silar and Kamoje were the former clans of the Siaposh Kaffirs and they are linked to the Kambojas of Mahabharata (See: Revue d'ethnographie, 225. See link: [6]).
  17. ^ See: Mid-Decade World Conference on Women: Bengaladesh Perspective, 1980, (Published in 1981), Women Development Unit, Bhanudatta Misra, Dimbeswara Sarma.
  18. ^ A Treatise on Nepali Language, 1978, p 46, Gokul Sinha.
  19. ^ The Kamboja Janapada, January 1964, Purana, Vol VI, No 1, Dr V. S. Aggarwala, p 229; Jataka edited by Fausboll, Vol VI, p 210
  20. ^ Jataka, VI, p 110, Trans. E. B. Cowell; cf: Videvati XIV.5-6; cf: Herodotus I.140; Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 1912, p 256, Dr G. A. Grierson
  21. ^ Nirukuta II/2; Patanjali's Mahaabhaa.sya is p. 9, in Vol. 1 Kielhorn's Edition
  22. ^ Journal of Royal Asiatic Society, 1912, p 256, Dr G. A. Grierson; Purana, Vol V, No 2, July 1963, p 256, Dr D. C. Sircar; Journal Asiatique, CCXLVI 1958, I, pp 47-48, E. Benveniste; The Afghans (Peoples of Asia), 2001, p 127, also Index, W. J. Vogelsang and Willem Vogelsang; Also Fraser 1979; The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 4, Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean, (c.525 to 479 BC), Volume 4, 1988, p 199, John Boardman, N. G. L. Hammond, D. M. Lewis, and M. Ostwald; cf Early Eastern Iran and the Atharvaveda, Persica-9, 1980, fn 81, p 114, Dr Michael Witzel who however, locates the Kambojas in Archosia and Kandhahar
  23. ^ Bharatiya Itihaas Ki Rup Rekha, p 229-231, Dr Jaychandra Vidyalankar; Bhartrya Itihaas ki Mimansa, p 229-301, Dr J. C. Vidyalankar; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 217, 221, Dr J. L. Kamboj
  24. ^ According to other source, Buddhaghosa belonged to second century AD (See: Freedom, Progress and Society: Essays in honor of Prof K. Satchidananda Murty, 1966, p 109, B. Subramanian, K. Satchidananda).
  25. ^ Quoted in: Journal of the Asiatic Society, 1940, p 256, by India Asiatic Society (Calcutta, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal.
  26. ^ See also: Foreign Elements in Ancient Indian Society, 2nd Century BC to 7th Century AD, 1979, p 16, Dr Uma Prasad Thapliyal; Studies in Indian History and Civilization, 1962, p 351, Dr Buddha Prakash; Cultural Heritage of India, p 625, Dr Debala Mitra; Indological Studies, 1950, p 78, Dr Bimala Churn Law.
  27. ^ Inscriptions of A�soka: Translation and Glossary, 1990, p 84, Beni Madhab Barua, Binayendra Nath Chaudhury.
  28. ^ Cf: The Śikh Gurus and the Śikh Society: A Study in Social Analysis, 1975, p 139, Niharranjan Ray.
  29. ^ This view is held by scholars like C. Lassen, S. Levi, M. Witzel, J. Charpentier, La Valle Poussin, A. Hoffman, A. B. Keith, A. A. Macdonnel, G. K. Nariman, E. Kuhn, H. W. Bellow, A. D. Pusalkar, S. Sen, D. R. Bhandarker and numerous others; See also: An Enquiry into the Ethnography of Afghanistan H. W. Bellow; also see: Sectarianism and Ethnic Violence in Afghanistan, Musa Khan Jalza
  30. ^ H. W. Bellow writes: "Darius succeeded, about 521 BC to the empire founded by Cyrus (Kurush), and enlarged and consolidated by his son and successor Cambyses (Kambojia, Kambohji). Cyrus, whose mother was called Mandane (Mandana; perhaps a princess of the Mandan tribe), and said to be a Mede, and whose father was called Cambyses (Kambohji; probably a chieftain of the Kamboh tribe) having reduced the Medes and conquered the kingdom of Croesus the Lydian (Lùdi), thereby became master of all the territory extending from the Indus to the Hellespont". — (An enquiry into the Ethnography of Afghanistan H. W. Bellow; See also: Sectarianism and Ethnic Violence in Afghanistan, Musa Khan Jalzai).
  31. ^ Cf: “Historians tend to believe Kambojas were in fact an Iranian tribe. (Old Iranian and old Sanskrit are very close languages. All these people called themselves Aryan, from which comes the name Iran). Panini, the Indian genius of grammar, observed (Panini's Grammar, IV, 1, 175.) that the word Kamboja meant at the same time the tribe and its king. Later historians identified the same word in the name of several great Persian kings, Cambyse (Greek version) or Kambujiya (in Persian) (See: La Valle Poussin, L'Inde aux temps des Maurya, p. 15 and 40.). Cambyse the Second is famous for his conquest of Egypt (525 B.C.) and the havoc he wrought upon this country (ON SOME CAMBODIAN WORDS, Serge Thion, [7]).
  32. ^ James Hope Moulton writes: “The names Kuru and Kamboja are of disputed etymology, but there is no reason whatever to doubt their being Aryan. I do not think there has been any suggestion more attractive than that made long ago by Spiegel (Altpers. Keilinsch.'-, 96) that they attach themselves to Sanskrit Kura and Kamboja, originally Aryan heroes of the fable, whose names were naturally revived in a royal house. Spiegel thinks that the myths about Cyrus may have originated in confusion between the historical and the mythical heroes. (Kamboja is a geographical name, and so is Kuru often: hence their appearance in Iranian similarly to-day as Kur and Kamoj". (Early Zoroastrianism, 2005, Page 45, James Hope Moulton - Kessinger Publishing).
  33. ^ Dr Chandra Chakraverty writes: "The Achaemenids were Kamboja-Kuru Scythian people on the base of Parsa ('Khatti-Puru') tribe. It was a marvelous racial blend and their culture was a similar good synthesis...."(See: The Racial History of India, 1944, p 225, Chandra Chakraberty)
  34. ^ Dr Ranajit Pal: " Toynbee wrote that the Achaemenian universal state belonged also to the Hinduis, the Pathavis etc. - the Indian Kurus and Kambojas were linked with Achaemenian history – Kurush (Cyrus) was a Kuru. (Also See: C. Eliot, Hinduism and Buddhism,, part III, pp .652, 654, 449) ”.
  35. ^ Dr Michael Witzel wrote in one of his research articles: "The Old Persian -s- (as in < asa 'horse') <*śś <śv śś with Saka -śś-, while the rest of Iranian has -sp- (aspa) and Vedic has -śv- (Aśva). This feature and others (cf. further grammatical features in Witzel 1989, Ch 10) may point to an ultimately north-eastern (Bactria?) rather than north-western (Urartu/Median) origin of the Old Persian and thus to a track of immigration from the North-east via Media to the Persis, somewhat like Nichols' (1997-98) 'southern trajectory'. A North-eastern origin would be close to the location of the Vedic Parśu".
    COMMENT: Dr Michael Witzel (Harvard University) seems to convey that the Persians may have migrated to Persipolis from Balkh or Bactria in remote antiquity. This is quite a valid and scientific reasoning as the above extract from Dr Michael Witzel seems to show. This shows that the Parsa Achaemenids may have off-shot from the Kambojas in remote antiquity. The remote connection of the Achaemenids to the Kambojas and Kurus is indeed reflected in the royal name Kuru and Kambujiya/Kambaujiya which several of the great monarchs of the Achamenean line of rulers had adopted. Seeing close connections of the Kambojas (Parama-Kambojas), the Madras (Bahlika-Madras or Uttaramadras) and the Kurus (Uttarakurus) which tribes were all located in/around Oxus in Central Asia in remote antiquity, it can be thought that the Kurus, the Kambojas and the Parśus were a related people.
  36. ^ Cf: "Kambujiya Kambujiyam, Kabujiya, Cambyse. This is the true vernacular orthography of name which was written Kambyses by the Greeks and Kauvays in Zend ……From the name of a king Kambyses was derived the geographical title of Kamboja (Sanskrit), which is retained to present days in the Kamoj of Cafferstan……The Persian historians do not seem to be aware of the name Kabus, which was born by the Dilemite sovereigns, is the same with the Kaus of Romance; yet the more ancient form of Kaubus or kabuj for latter name, renders the identification also most certain. The Georgians, even to the present day, name the hero of romance Kapus still retaining the labial which has merged in the Persian…." (See: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Published 1990, p 97, Cambridge University, Press for the Royal Asiatic Society [etc.], By Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland).
  37. ^ D. D. Kosambi Commemoration Volume, 1977, p 287, Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi, Lallanji Gopal, Jai Prakash Singh, Nisar Ahmed, Dipak Malik, Banaras Hindu University, Dept. of Ancient Indian History, Culture & Archaeology, Banaras Hindu University; The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 139 seqq, Kirpal Singh; See also: These Kamboja People, 1979, p 162 seqq.
  38. ^ See Mahabharata verses (12/201/40), (6/11/63-64), 5/5/15, 5/159/20 etc; Also Kirfels text of Uttarapatha countries of Bhuvankosha; See: Brahama Purana 27/44-53, Vayu Purana 45/115; Brahmanda Purana 12/16-46; Vamana Purana 13/37 etc
  39. ^ Ashoka’s Rock Edicts, V and XIII etc
  40. ^ Proceedings and Transactions of the ... All-India Oriental Conference, 1930, p 118; cf: Linguistic Survey of India, Vol X, pp 455-56, Dr G. A. Grierson; cf: History and Archeology of India's Contacts with Other Countries from the ... , 1976, p 152, Dr Shashi P. Asthana - Social Science; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, p 128, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī - Kamboja (Pakistan).
  41. ^ Linguistic Survey of India, X, p. 456, Sir G Grierson; Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference, 1930, pp 107-108.
  42. ^ (Dr J. C. Vidyalankara, Proceedings and Transactions of 6th A.I.O. Conference, 1930, p 118; cf: Linguistic Survey of India, Vol X, pp 455-56, Dr G. A. Grierson). .
  43. ^ Mahabharata 2/27/23-25
  44. ^ Ancient India as Described by Ptolemy: Being a Translation of the Chapters ... 1885, p 268, John Watson McCrindle - Geography, Ancient; Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, History - 2000, p 99,(Editors) Richard J.A. Talbert.
  45. ^ Geography 6.18.3; See map in McCrindle, p 8.
  46. ^ For Tambyzoi = Kamboja, see refs: Indian Antiquary, 1923, p 54; Pre Aryan and Pre Dravidian in India, 1993, p 122, Dr Sylvain Lévi, Dr Jean Przyluski, Jules Bloch, Asian Educational Services; Cities and Civilization, 1962, p 172, Govind Sadashiv Ghurye; Problems of Ancient India, 2000, p 1, K. D. Sethna; Asiatic Society, Calcutta, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal, 1956, p 37; Purana, Vol VI, No 2, January 1964, pp 207-208; Journal of the Asiatic Society, 1956, p 88, Asiatic Society (Calcutta, Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal); Geographical Data in the Early Purāṇas: A Critical Study, 1972, p 165, Dr M. R. Singh; Asoka and His Inscriptions, 1968, p 96, Beni Madhab Barua, Ishwar Nath Topa;Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana Parva, 1945, p 38, Dr Moti Chandra - India;Journal asiatique, 1923, p 54, Société asiatique (Paris, France), Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France) - Oriental philology; Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World, 2000, p 99, edited by Richard J.A. Talbert - History; Neuro-ophthalmology, 2005, p 99 Leonard A. Levin, Anthony C. Arnold; Purana-vimar'sucika -: Bibliography of Articles on Puranas, 1985, p 133, P. G. Lalye.
  47. ^ For Ambautai = Kamboja, see Refs: Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, Vol. 5,1999, issue 1 (September), Dr. M. Witzel; Indo-Aryan Controversy: Evidence and Inference in Indian History, 2005, p 257, Laurie L. Patton, Edwin Bryant; The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: : Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity, 1995, p 326, George Erdosy; Linguistic Aspects of the Aryan non-invasion theory, Part I, Dr. Koenraad Elst, See Link: [8]; The official pro-invasionist argument at last, A review of the Aryan invasion arguments in J. Bronkhorst and M.M. Deshpande: Aryan and Non-Aryan in South Asia, Dr. Koenraad Elst, See link: [9].
  48. ^ Geography 6.18.3; Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, p 199; Ancient India as Described by Ptolemy: Being a Translation of the Chapters, 1885, p 268, John Watson McCrindle - Geography, Ancient.
  49. ^ The Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 403; Central Asiatic Provinces of Maurya Empire, p 403, Dr H. C. Seth.
  50. ^ Tartary region north of the Oxus, i.e the southern tip of the Saka-dvipa of the Puranas.
  51. ^ India and the World, p 71, Dr Buddha Parkash; also see Central Asiatic Provinces of Maurya Empire, p 403, Dr H. C. Seth.
  52. ^ See: Political and Social Movements in Ancient Panjab (from the Vedic Age Upto [sic] the Maurya Period) – 1964, p 125-128, Dr Buddha Prakash
  53. ^ Paradise of Gods – 1966, p 323-24, Qamarud Din Ahmed.
  54. ^ Strabo Geog., 11.14.4
  55. ^ Strabo Geog., 11.4.5; cf. 11.3.5; see also Fabricius, pp. 146, 160, and map; Trever, p. 113 and map
  56. ^ A. Herrmann, in Pauly-Wissowa, X/2, col. 1810, s.v. Kambysene.
  57. ^ The Persian Empire' Studies in Geography and Ethnography of the Ancient Near East, Ernst Herzfeld, ed. G. Walser, Wiesbaden, 1968, esp. pp. 344-46); [10]
  58. ^ Literary History of Ancient India in Relation to Its Racial and Linguistic Affiliations – 1950, p 149, 165, Chandra Chakraberty.
  59. ^ op cit, pp 37, 149, Dr C. Chakravarty.
  60. ^ op cit, pp 32-33, Dr C. Chakravarty; The Racial History of India, 1944, p 225, Chandra Chakraberty: e.g: "The Achaemenids were Kamboja-Kuru Scythian people on the base of Parsa ('Khatti-Puru') tribe. It was a marvelous racial blend and their culture was a similar good synthesis...."; See also: Paradise of Gods – 1966, p 330, Qamarud Din Ahmed: e.g: “It seems therefore, that the Achaemenidae were mixed with the Scythian Kuru-Kambojas with the Alpine base Khatti-Purus" (i.e. Parsa-Xsayatia).
  61. ^ op cit, pp 37, 149, 165, Dr C. Chakravarty.
  62. ^ op cit, p 165, Dr C. Chakravarty.
  63. ^ op cit, p 165, Dr C. Chakravarty; Cf also: History of Origin of Some Clans in India, with Special Reference to Jats, 1992, p 153, Mangal Sen Jindal.
  64. ^
    Sanskrit:
    [4.01.168] Janapada.shabdat.kshatriyad aÑ
    [4.01.169] Salveya. Gandhari.bhyan cha
    [4.01.170] dvinaC.Magadha. Kalinga. Surama.sadn
    [4.01.171] vrddhait. Kosala. Ajada.Ñyan
    [4.01.172] Kuru.nadi.bhyo.rayah
    [4.01.173] Salvaavayava. Pratyagratha. Kalakuta. Asmakad iÑ
    [4.01.174] te tadrajah
    [4.01.175] Kambojal.luK
    [4.01.176] striyam Avanti. Kunti.kurubhyas.cha
    [4.01.177] aTascha
    — (Panini's Ashtadhyayi, 4.1.168-177).
  65. ^
    Saka Yavana Kambojah Paradasca dvijottamah |
    Konisarpa Mahisaka Darvascolah sakeralah || 14.19|
    Sarve te Kshatriya vipra dharmastesam nirakrtah |
    Vasisthavacanadrajna Sagarena mahatmana || 14.20|
    — (Harivamsa, 14.19-20).
  66. ^ Harivamsa, 14.17.
  67. ^ Vayu Purana: v 88.127-43.
  68. ^ Cultural History from Vayu Purana, 1973, p 27, fn 185, Reprint of 1946 Edition, published by Deccan College Post Graduate Research Institute, Poona
  69. ^ Foreign Elements in Ancient Indian Society, 2nd Century BC to 7th Century AD - 1979, p 125, Uma Prasad Thapliyal.
  70. ^
    Sanskrit:
    shanakaistu kriya-lopadimah Kshatriya-jatayah |
    vrashalatvam gata loke brahmna-darshanen cha || 43 ||
    Paundrash-Chaudra-Dravidah-Kamboja-Yavanah-Shakah |
    Paradah Pahlavash-Chinah Kirata Daradah Khashah || 44 ||
    — (Manusmritti, X.43-44).
  71. ^
    Sanskrit:
    Brahmana yam prasha.nsanti purushah sa pravardhate |
    brahmanairyah parakrushtah parabhuyatkshanaddhi sah || 20 ||
    Shaka Yavana Kambojas tastah Kshatriya-jatayah |
    vrishalatvam parigata Brahmananamadarshanat || 21 ||
    — (Mahabharata 13.33.20-21). Cf also: (Mahabharata 13.35.17-18).
  72. ^
    Tathaiva Kshatriya shreShThA dharmarAjamupAsate.
    ShrImAnmahAtmA dharmAtmA mu~nja keturvivardhanaH ||18 ||
    Sa~NgrAmajiddurmukhashcha ugrasenashcha vIryavAn.
    KakShasenaH kShitipatiH kShemakashchAparAjitaH.
    KambojarAjaH KamathaH kampanashcha mahAbalaH ||19||
    — ( Mahabharata 02.5.18-19).
  73. ^ MBH 12.166.1-81
  74. ^
    Sanskrit:
    Dhundhumarachcha Kambojo Muchukundastato.alabhat
    MuchukundanMaruttashcha Maruttadapi Raivatah
    — (MBH 12.166.77-78).
  75. ^
    Sanskrit:
    Kamboja.Suraastra.Ksatriya.shreny.aadayovartasastra.upajiivinah|
    Licchivika.Vrjika.Mallaka.Madraka.Kukura.Kuru.Panchala.adayo raaja.shabda.upajiivinah||
    — (Kautiliya Arathashastra, 11.1.03).
  76. ^ Harivamsa 14.1-19
  77. ^ BHagavata Purana 2.7.35
  78. ^ Kalika Puranna 20/40
  79. ^ Brahmanda Purana, 3.41.36; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 19, Dr J. L. Kamboj; Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 15, S. Kirpal Singh
  80. ^ ete Durvarana nama Kambojah (=Kamboja warriors, difficult to be resisted like wild elephants), Mahabharata 7.112.43; The Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 124.
  81. ^ Journal of the American Oriental Society - P 295, American Oriental Society.
  82. ^ Kambojasainyan vidravya durjayam yudhi bharata.
  83. ^ Ibid.; See also: The Social and Military Position of the Ruling Caste in Ancient India, as Represented by the Sanskrit Epic, Edward W. Hopkins, Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 13, 1889 (1889), pp. 57-376.
  84. ^ ibid.; Mahabharata 7.112.43-45; mundanetan ....Kambojan.eva... MBH 7.119.23.
  85. ^ Ashva.yuddha.kushalah: Mahabharata 7.7.14; Vishnudharmotra Purana, Part II, Chapter 118; Post Gupta Polity (AD 500-700): A Study of the Growth of Feudal Elements and Rural Administration 1972, p 136, Ganesh Prasad Sinha; Wisdom in the Puranas 1969, p 64, prof Sen Sarma etc.
  86. ^ tikshnai.rashivishopamah: Mahabharata 7.112.48-49.
  87. ^ tigmavega.praharinam.
  88. ^ samana.mrityavo.
  89. ^ Kambojah Yama vaishravan.opamah: MBH 7,23.40-42.
  90. ^ damshitah krurakarmanah Kamboja yuddhadurmadah i.e. lip-biting, hardy and war-intoxicated Kambojas: Mahabarata 7.119.26-28; Traditional History of India: A Digest – 1960, p 136, Govinda Krishna Pillai.
  91. ^ Paraskara Gryya-sutram verse 2.1.2; Commentary: Pt Harihar.
  92. ^ Vamsa Brahmana verse 1.18-19.
  93. ^
    Sanskrit:
    ye tvete rathino rajandrishyante kanchanadhvajah |
    ete durvarana nama Kamboja yadi te shrutah || 43 ||
    shurashcha kritavidyashcha dhanurvede cha nishthitah |
    sa.nhatashcha bhrisha.n hyete anyonyasya hitaishinah || 44 ||
    akshauhinyashcha sa.nrabdha dhartarahhtrasya bharata. |
    (Mahabharata 7.12.43-44)
    Translation:
    "Those other car-warriors with golden standards, O king, whom you see, and who, like the wild elephants are difficult of being resisted, they are called the Kambojas. They are brave, a learned people and are firmly devoted to the science of weapons. Desiring one another's welfare, they are all highly united and mutually cooperative. They constitute a full Akshauhini of wrathful warriors".
  94. ^ Hindu World, Vol I, Benjamin Walker, p. 520.
  95. ^ History & Culture of Indian People, The Vedic Age, Dr A. D. Pusalkar, Dr R. C. Majumdar, Dr K. D. Munshi, 1952, pp 259-260; cf: Location of Kamboja, Purana, Vol VI No1, Jan 1964 pp 212-213; Problems of Ancient India, 2000, p 224, K. D. Sethna.
  96. ^ India's Contribution to World and Culture, 1970, p 216, Veveka Nanda, Lokesh Chandra.
  97. ^ The Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 103; Some Kṣatriya Tribes of Ancient India, 1924, p 239, Dr B. C. Law .
  98. ^ Mahavastu, II. 185.
  99. ^ :Prakrit
    jaha se Kamboyanam aiiyne kanthai siya |
    assai javeyan pavre ayam havayi bahuassuye ||
    — (Uttaradhyana Sutra XI.17 20).
  100. ^ “....And such a monk practising the rigours of an ascetic for the sake of a fuller and more perfect life here and here-after-is superior to all others like a trained 'Kamboja steed' whom no noise frightens, Iike a strong irresistible elephant, like a strong bull and a proud lion ". (See ref: Jivaraja Jaina Granthmala, No. 20, JAINA VIEW OF LIFE: BY T. G. Kalghati, M.A., Ph.D. Reader in Philosophy, Karnatak University, and Principal, Karnatak Arts College, Dharwar General Editor Dr. A. N. Upadhya & Dr. H. L. Jain and Pt. Kailaschand Shastri Published by LAL CHAND HIRACHAND DOSHI Jaina Sanskriti Samraksaka Sangha, Sholapur. First Edition 1969, Second Edition 1984 [11]).
  101. ^ MBH 6/90/3-4
  102. ^
    Tatah Kambojamukhyanam nadijana.n cha vasjinam |
    Arattanam mahijana.n sindhujana.n cha sarvashah || 3 ||
    vanayujana.n shubhrana.n tatha parvatavasinam |
    ye chapare tittiraja javana vatara.nhasah || 4 ||
    (MBH 6/90/3-4)
  103. ^ Tribes in Ancient India, 1943, p 4; Indological Studies, India, 1950, p 37; Some Kṣatriya Tribes of Ancient India, 1924, p 238, Dr B. C. Law - Kshatriyas.
  104. ^ verse 1/6/22
  105. ^ Arthashastra 2.30.32-34
  106. ^ Brahmanda Purana II,2.16.16
  107. ^ Manasollasa 4.4.715-30
  108. ^ Raguvamsha 4/70
  109. ^ Ancient India, p 236, Dr S. K. Aiyangar; cf: ”The world being trodden to dust with the troops of his Kambhoja horses having filled the space with the groups of his victorious standards an unequalled thunderbolt weapon in splitting the great rock, the Рапdуа king " (Mysore Inscriptions, 1983, p 263, B. Lewis (Benjamin Lewis) Rice).
  110. ^ Verse twelve of the third Asama-patra (1185 AD) reads:
    Kambojavajivrajavahnendryantabhavad vallabha deva aye |
    (Kielhorn, F. (ed) Epigraphia Indica, Vol V, 1898-99, pp 184, 187)
  111. ^ Mahabharata, 12/101/5
  112. ^ Vishnudharmotra Purana attests: "The soldiers of Deccan (Daksinatya) are knowledgeable or efficient in Khadga fight, the people of Vankala are expert in archery, the hill people are at-ease in stone or sling fight (pasana-yudha), the people of Anga, Vanga and Kalinga are expert in fighting from elephants, the Kambojans, Gandharans are expert in fighting from horse (or as cavalrymen)...” (Vishnudharmotri Purana, Kh. II, Chapter 118).
  113. ^ Military Wisdom in the Puranas, 1969, p 64, Prof Sen Sarma; See also: Post-Gupta Polity (A.D. 500-750): A Study of the Growth of Feudal Elements and Rural Administration - 1972, p 136, Ganesh Prasad Sinha.
  114. ^ Post-Gupta Polity (A.D. 500-750): A Study of the Growth of Feudal Elements and Rural Administration, 1972, p 136, Ganesh Prasad Sinha.
  115. ^ MBH, 7/7/14
  116. ^ Hindu Polity, Part I & II, 1978, pp 121, 140; Dr K. P. Jayswal.
  117. ^ Historie du Bouddhisme Indien, p 110, E. Lamotte; See also: History of Indian Buddhism: From the Origins to the Saka Era, 1988, p 100 - History -.
  118. ^ See also: Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 133, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee; History of Panjab, Vol I, Publication Bureau, Panjabi University, Patiala, (Editors) Dr Fauja Singh, Dr L. M. Joshi; History of Poros, 1967, p 89, Dr Buddha Prakash.
  119. ^ The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 105-06, 129-30, Kirpal Singh.
  120. ^ History of Porus, pp 12, 38, Dr Buddha Parkash; Raja Poros, 1990, Publication Buareau, Punjabi University, Patiala; History of Panjab, Vol I, (Editors): Dr Fauja Singh, Dr L. M. Josh, Publication Bureau, Panjabi University, Patiala.
  121. ^ Ancient Kamboja, People and country, 1981, pp 271-72, 278, Dr J. L. Kamboj; These Kamboj People, 1979, pp 119, 192, K. S. Dardi.
  122. ^ East and West, 1950, pp 28, 149/158, Istituto italiano per il Medio ed Estremo, Editor, Prof Giuseppe Tucci, Co-editors Prof Mario Bussagli, Prof Lionello Lanciotti. Dr J. W. McCrindle, Dr Romila Thapar, Dr R. C. Majumdar etc also think that Ashvakas were Kamboja people.
  123. ^ Megasthenes and Arrian, p 180; Alexander's Invasion of India, p 38; J. W. McCrindle; Geographical Data in Early Puranas, A Critical Study, 1972, p 179 Dr M. R. Singh; Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, Vol-I, 1966, p 243, William Smith, Phillip Smith; Geographical Dictionary of ancient and Medieval India, Dr Nundo Lal Dey; Itihaas Parvesh, 1948, Dr Jaychandra Vidyalankar; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 118, Dr Kamboj etc.
  124. ^ Panjab Past and Present, pp 9-10.
  125. ^ Balocistān: siyāsī kashmakash, muz̤mirāt va rujḥānāt, 1989, Munīr Aḥmad Marrī.
  126. ^ Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, 271-72, 278, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī.
  127. ^ تاريخ قوم كمبوه: جديد تحقيق كى روشنى ميں by چوهدرى محمد يوسف حسن, Chauhdrī Muḥammad Yūsuf Ḥasan, 1996 .
  128. ^ Diodorus in McCrindle, p 270; writes Diodorus: "Undismayed by the greatness of their danger, the Ashvakayanas drew their ranks together in the form of a ring within which they placed their women and children to guard them on all sides against their assailants. As they had now become desperate, and by their audacity and feats of valour, made the conflict in which they closed, hot work for the enemy--great was the astonishment and alarm which the peril of the crisis had created. For, as the combatants were locked together fighting hand-to-hand, death and wounds were dealt round in every variety of form. While many were thus wounded, and not a few killed, the women, taking the arms of the fallen, fought side by side with their men. Accordingly, some of them who had supplied themselves with arms, did their best to cover their husbands with their shields, while the others, who were without arms, did much to impede the enemy by flinging themselves upon them and catching hold of their shields. The defenders, however, after fighting desperately along with their wives, were at last overpowered by superior numbers, and thus met a glorious death which they would have disdained to exchange for the life of dishonour" (See: Diodorus in McCrindle, p 269/270; History of Punjab, 1997, p 229, Editors: Dr Fauja Singh, Dr L. M. Joshi; Classical Accounts of India, p 112-113; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, p 283-286, Dr J. L. Kamboj; The Kambojas Through the Ages, 2005, p 134, Kirpal Singh).
  129. ^ History of Panjab, Vol I, p 226, Dr L. M. Joshi, Dr Fauja Singh; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country, 1981, 247, Dr J. L. Kamboj; تاريخ قوم كمبوه: جديد تحقيق كى روشنى ميں , 1996, p 170, چوهدرى محمد يوسف حسن, Cauhdrī Muhammad Yusuf Hasan; Balocistān: Siyāsī Kashmakash, Muz̤mirāt va Rujḥānāt, 1980, Munīr Aḥmad Marrī; cf: A Historical Dictionary of Indian Food (Oxford India Paperbacks), p 91, K. T. Acharya February 2001.
  130. ^
    Sanskrit:
    asti tava Shaka-Yavana-Kirata-Kamboja-Parsika-Bahlika parbhutibhih
    Chankyamatipragrahittaishcha Chandergupta Parvateshvara
    balairudidhibhiriva parchalitsalilaih samantaad uprudham Kusumpurama
    (See: Mudrarakshasa II)
  131. ^ Hindu Polity, A Constitutional History of India in Hindu Times, 1978, p 117-121, Dr K. P. Jayswal; Ancient India, 2003, pp 839-40, Dr V. D. Mahajan; Northern India, p 42, Dr Mehta Vasisitha Dev Mohan etc
  132. ^ Sasanavamsa (P.T.S.), p. 49
  133. ^ Foundations of Indian Culture, 1984, p 20,Govind Chandra Pande - History; India and the World, p 154, Dr Buddha Parkash; See also: All India Reporter, 1940, p 518; Social Justice: Problems & Perspectives :{Seminar Proceedings of March 5-7, 1995}, Edition 1996, P 173, Jhinkoo Yadav, Dr Suman Gupta, Chandrajeet Yadav); See also: Ancient Kamboja People and the Country, 1981, Dr J. L. Kamboj etc etc.
  134. ^ Ramayana 1.54.21-23; 1.55.2-3.
  135. ^ Mahabharata states that in Kaliyuga, the kings of the Andharas, Sakas, Kambojas, Pulinda, Yavans, Vahlikas, Sudras, Abhiras, Mlechchas, will rule over the land (India) and also will be addicted to falsehood (Mahabharata 3.187.28-30).
  136. ^ Kalki Purana also states that the Aryan India was under the overlordship of the Kambojas, Sakas, Khasaas and Mlechchas (See: Kalki Purana, Chapter 20/40 sqq; See also: Kalki Purana, 2004, pp 58, 60, 61, B K Chaturvedi.
  137. ^ MBH 12/105/5, Kumbhakonam Ed. Cf: "Mathura was under outlandish people like the Yavanas and Kambojas... who had a special mode of fighting (Manu and Yajnavalkya, Dr K. P. Jayswal.
  138. ^ See: Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, Vol II, Part I, p xxxvi; see also p 36, Dr Sten Konow; Indian Culture, 1934, p 193, Indian Research Institute; Cf: Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland , 1990, p 142, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland - Middle East. See also: Kamuia.
  139. ^ Markendeya 58.30-32.
  140. ^ V.D. I.9.6.
  141. ^ Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 127; Ancient Kamboja, People and Country, 1981, p 305.
  142. ^ Garuda Purana 1.15.13; Garuda Purana, Trans: Manmatha Nath Dutt, 1908, p 148
  143. ^ Ed. F. W. Thomas, pp 20-22.
  144. ^ Brhatsamhita 14/17-19.
  145. ^ See: (Kamboja Colonists in Sri Lanka).
  146. ^ Gota-Kabojhyana.......Archaeological Survey of Ceylon, Inscription Register No 316.
  147. ^ Kabojhiya-Maha. Pugiyana...Archaeological Survey of Ceylon, Inscription Register No 1118.
  148. ^ The third story of this text, called Metteyya-vatthu, reveals that the Elder named Maleyya was residing in Kamboja-gama, in the province (Janapada) of Rohana on the Island of Tambapanni (Sri Lanka)--Dr S. Paranavitana.
  149. ^ Markendeya Purana verse 57.35.
  150. ^ Markendeya 58.30-32
  151. ^ .
    nairrtyam dizi dezah Pahlava Kamboja Sindhu Sauvirah/
    hemagiri Sindhu Kalaka Raivataka surastra Badara Dravidah/
    — (Brhatsamhita 14/17-19).
    See also: India as Seen in the Brhatsamhita of Varahamihira, 1969, Dr A. M. Shastri, Reader in Ancient Indian History & Culture, Nagpur University
  152. ^ Ed. F. W. Thomas, pp 20-22.
  153. ^ Indian Historical Quarterly, XXVI-2, 1950, p 127
  154. ^ V. D. I.9.6.
  155. ^ Geographical. Data in Early Puranas, 1972, p 163, 206
  156. ^ .
    sorata gurjara kachcha-kamboja-gauda rukha:
    — (Raajbilaas 1/122)
  157. ^ Indian Historical Quarterly, 1963, p 127; Ancient Kamboja, People and Country, 1981, p 305.
  158. ^ Pulinda Ashmaka Jimuta Narrashtara nivasinah/ Carnata Kamboja Ghata dakshinapathvasinah// (Garuda Purana 1/15/13).
  159. ^ e.g: "The people of Pulinda, Ashmaka and Jimutanya, as well Kambhojas, Karnatas and Ghatas are Dakshinapathvasi (i.e live in southern quarter); the people of Amvasthas, Dravidias, Lattas, Kambojas, Strimukhas, Sakas and Anarthas (Anartas) are Nairritis (i.e live in south-west quarter)"...See Garuda Purana, Trans: Manmatha Nath Dutt, 1908, p 148.
  160. ^ Indian Historically Quarterly, 1963, p 127.
  161. ^ Ancient India, p 7, S. K. Aiyangar; Public Administration in Ancient India, p 56, P. N. Banerjee
  162. ^ Ancient India, III, pp 94, 125, Dr T. L. Shah
  163. ^ Sind, p 44, M. R. Lamrick.
  164. ^ This Kambhoja country of southern India as hinted at by Syed Siraj ul Hassanis, in all probability, is the colonial settlement of the migrating Kambojas, who in alliance with the Sakas, Pahlavas had entered into and spread into south-western and southern India prior to/around the beginning of Christian era.
  165. ^ For reference to overlap of the Kamboj/Kshatriya clan names, see Glossary of Tribes, II, p 444, fn. iii.

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