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Juliett class
General characteristics
Displacement:	3174 tons surfaced; 4137 tons submerged
Length:	90 m (281 feet 9 inches)
Beam:	10 m (31 feet 2 inches)
Draft:	7 meters (23 feet)
Propulsion:	two 4000-shp D-43 and one 1750-shp 2D-42 diesel engines, two 3000-shp PG-141 main and two 500-shp PG-140 creep electrical motors, two screws
Speed:	16.8 knots surfaced, 18 knots submerged (trial)
Endurance:	800 hours submerged, stores for 90 days
Range:	9000 nautical miles at 8 knots surfaced, 18,000 nm at 7 knots with additional fuel, 810 nm at 2.74 knots submerged
Diving Depth:	235 meters (775 feet) test, 365 meters (1200 feet) design
Complement:	82 (12 officers, 16 petty officers, 54 men)
Armament:	Four SS-N-3 Shaddock (P-5 or P-6), or SS-N-12 Sandbox (P-500 4K-80 Basalt) nuclear cruise missiles, six 533 mm (21-inch) bow torpedo tubes with 18 torpedoes, four 400 mm (16-inch) stern torpedo tubes with four torpedoes

Known in the West by their NATO reporting name as the Juliett class, the Project 651 diesel-electric submarines were designed in the 1950s to provide the Soviet Navy with a nuclear strike capability against the east coast of the United States. They carried four nuclear cruise missiles, which could be launched while the submarine was surfaced and moving less than four knots (7 km/h). Once surfaced, the first missile could be launched in about five minutes; subsequent missiles would follow within about ten seconds each. Initially, the missiles were the inertially-guided P-5 (NATO reporting name SS-N-3 Shaddock). When submarine-launched ballistic missiles rendered the P-5s obsolescent, they were replaced with the P-6 (also NATO reporting name SS-N-3 Shaddock, though it is a very different missile) and the P-500 4K-80 "Bazalt" (SS-N-12 Sandbox) anti-ship cruise missiles designed to attack American aircraft carriers. A special 10m² target guidance radar was built into the forward edge of the sail structure, which opened by rotating. The boats were eventually fitted with the Kasatka satellite downlink for targeting information.

The Juliett class had a low magnetic signature austenitic steel double hull, covered by two inch (50 mm) thick black tiles made of sound-absorbing hard rubber. They had exceptionally high reserve buoyancy, and were divided into eight watertight compartments:

A Juliett class submarine

1. the forward torpedo room
2. living accommodations for officers and chiefs and the forward batteries
3. the missile control room and batteries
4. the control room
5. crew berthing and batteries
6. the forward engine room containing the diesels and generators
7. the aft engine room with the electric motors
8. the aft torpedo room.

U-461 in U-boat Museum Peenemünde

Initial plans called for 35 submarines of this class. In fact only 16 were actually built, most by Krasnoye Sormovo shipyard in Gorky. They were commissioned between 1962 and 1968, and served through the 1980s. The last one was decommissioned in 1994.

The nuclear-powered Project 675 Echo II class submarines, with eight missile launchers, were a larger, nuclear-powered version of the Juliett.

• article in English from FAS
• Article in Russian