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John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster (March 6, 1340 – February 3, 1399) was the third surviving son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. He gained his name "John of Gaunt" because he was born in Ghent, then called Gaunt. The fabulously wealthy Gaunt exercised tremendous influence over the English throne during the minority reign of his nephew, Richard II, and during the ensuing periods of political strife, but took care not to be openly associated with opponents of the King.

John of Gaunt's legitimate male heirs, the Lancasters, included Kings Henry IV, Henry V, and Henry VI. John of Gaunt's illegitimate descendants, who ultimately became legitimate by his marriage to Katherine Swynford in 1396, the Beauforts, later married into the House of Tudor, which ascended to the throne in the person of Henry VII. In addition, Gaunt's legitimate descendants included his daughters Philippa of Lancaster, Queen consort of John I of Portugal and mother of King Edward of Portugal ("Duarte", in Portuguese), Elizabeth, Duchess of Exeter, the mother of John Holland, 2nd Duke of Exeter, and Katherine of Lancaster, Queen consort of Henry III of Castile, a granddaughter of Pedro of Castile and the mother of John II of Castile. His patronage included the poet Chaucer who records much of the mores of England at the time of John in Canterbury Tales .

When John of Gaunt died in 1399, his estates were declared forfeit to the crown, as Richard II had exiled John's less diplomatic heir, Henry Bolingbroke, in 1398. Bolingbroke returned and deposed the unpopular Richard, to reign as King Henry IV of England (1399–1413), the first of the descendants of John of Gaunt to hold the throne of England.

John of Gaunt was buried alongside his first wife, Blanche of Lancaster, in the nave of Old St. Paul's Cathedral in an alabaster tomb designed by Henry Yevele (similar to that of his son in Canterbury Cathedral).

Contents 1 Duke of Lancaster 2 Marriages and descendants 2.1 Children of John of Gaunt 3 Popular culture 4 Further reading 5 External links 6 Ancestors

Upon the death of his father-in-law Henry of Grosmont, he received half of Henry's lands, the title Earl of Lancaster, and the distinction as the greatest landowner in the north of England, because of his first marriage to his cousin, Blanche of Lancaster (1359), heiress to the Palatinate of Lancaster. He also became the 14th Baron of Halton. John received the rest of the inheritance only when Blanche's sister, Maud, Countess of Leicester (married to William V, Count of Hainaut), died on April 10, 1362.

English Royalty
House of Plantagenet
Armorial of Plantagenet
Edward III
Edward, Prince of Wales
Lionel, Duke of Clarence
John, Duke of Lancaster
Edmund, Duke of York
Thomas, Duke of Gloucester
Joan of England
Isabella, Countess of Bedford
Grandchildren
Richard II
Philippa, Countess of Ulster
Philippa, Queen of Portugal
Elizabeth, Baroness Fanhope and Milbroke
Henry IV
Katherine, Queen of Castile
Edward, Duke of York
Richard, Earl of Cambridge
Constance of York
Anne, Countess of Eu

Gaunt received the title "Duke of Lancaster" from Edward III on 13 November 1362. John was by then well-established as a fabulously wealthy prince, owning at least thirty castles and vast estates across England and France. His household was comparable in scale and organisation to that of a monarch.

After the death of his elder brother, Edward of Woodstock (later known as The Black Prince), John of Gaunt became increasingly powerful. He contrived to protect the religious reformer John Wyclif, for reasons that cannot be determined, but possibly to counteract the growing secular power of the Roman Catholic Church. However, Gaunt's ascendancy to political power coincided with widespread resentment of his influence. At a time when English forces encountered setbacks in the Hundred Years' War against France, and Edward III's rule had started to become domestically unpopular, due to high taxation and to the king's affair with Alice Perrers, political opinion closely associated the Duke of Lancaster with the failing government of the 1370s. Furthermore, while the king and the Prince of Wales had the status of 'popular heroes' due to their success on the battlefield, John of Gaunt had never known equivalent military success, which might have bolstered his reputation. Although he did fight in the Battle of Nájera (Navarette), for example, his later military projects, such as his chevauchée of 1373 and his invasion of Castile in 1386, were unsuccessful.

On his marriage to Costanza of Castile in 1371, Gaunt assumed the title of King of Castile and Leon, and insisted that his fellow English nobles henceforth address him as 'my lord of Spain'.

When King Edward III died in 1377 and John's ten-year-old nephew succeeded to the throne as Richard II of England, Gaunt's influence strengthened further. However, mistrust remained, and some suspected him of wanting to seize the throne for himself. Gaunt took pains to ensure that he never became associated with the opposition to Richard's kingship; but as the virtual ruler of England during Richard's minority, he made some unwise decisions on taxation that led to the Peasants' Revolt in 1381, during which the rebels destroyed his Savoy Palace in London.

In 1386, Gaunt left England to make good his claim to the throne of Castile. However, crisis ensued almost immediately, and in 1387, Richard's misrule brought England to the brink of civil war. Only John of Gaunt, upon his return to England in 1389, was able to bring about a compromise between the Lords Appellant and King Richard, ushering in a period of relative stability and harmony. During the 1390s, John of Gaunt's reputation of devotion to the well-being of the kingdom became much restored. Gaunt died of natural causes on February 3, 1399 at Leicester Castle, with his wife Katherine by his side.

On May 19, 1359, at Reading Abbey, Gaunt married his cousin, Blanche of Lancaster, daughter of Henry of Grosmont, 1st Duke of Lancaster. Blanche died of bubonic plague in September 12, 1369 at Bolingbroke Castle whilst John was away at sea. It is believed the poet Geoffrey Chaucer, a friend and client of Gaunt, wrote and dedicated his "Book of the Duchess" to her, as the poem not only mentions a "Black Knight," but the "Lady White"; whom we can take to be Blanche, in allegory. At the end of the poem reference is made to Gaunt's marriage to Blanche by playing on the sound of their titles of Lancaster and Richmond in the form of "long castel" (line 1318) and "riche hil" (line 1319). Alternatively, the "long castel" could also refer to Constanza of Castile and the heraldic arms of Castile.

In 1371, John married Constance of Castile, daughter of King Pedro of Castile, thus giving him a claim to the kingdom of Castile, which he would pursue. Though Gaunt was never able to make good his claim, his daughter by Constanza, Katherine of Lancaster, became Queen of Castile by marrying Henry III of Castile.

In the meantime, John of Gaunt had fathered four children by a mistress, Katherine Swynford (whose sister Philippa de Roet was married to Chaucer). Constance died in 1394. He married Katherine in 1396, and their children, the Beauforts, were 'legitimised' but barred from inheriting the throne. From the eldest son, John, came a granddaughter, Margaret Beaufort, whose son, later King Henry VII of England, would nevertheless claim the throne.

John of Gaunt's legitimate son from his first marriage, Henry Bolingbroke, proved less of a diplomat than his father; and Richard II banished Henry from the kingdom in 1398. When John of Gaunt died in 1399, his estates were declared forfeit to the crown. This caused Bolingbroke to return. He deposed the unpopular Richard, to reign as Henry IV King of England (1399–1413).

• By Blanche of Lancaster:
  • Philippa (1360–1415), married King John I of Portugal (1357–1433)
  • John (1362–1365); Buried Church of St Mary de Castro, Leicester
  • Elizabeth (1364–1426), married (1) in 1380 John Hastings, 3rd Earl of Pembroke (1372–1389), annulled 1383; married (2) in 1386 John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter (1350–1400); (3) Sir John Cornwall, 1st Baron Fanhope and Milbroke (d. 1443)
  • Edward (1365–1368); Buried Church of St Mary de Castro, Leicester
  • John (1366–1367); Buried Church of St Mary de Castro, Leicester
  • Henry IV of England (1366–1413), married (1) Mary de Bohun (1369–1394); (2) Joanna of Navarre (1368–1437)
  • Isabel (1368–1368)
• By Constance of Castile:
  • Katherine (Catalina) (1372–1418), married King Henry III of Castile (1379–1406)
  • John (1374–1375)
• By Katherine Swynford (nee de Roet/Roelt):
  • John Beaufort (1373–1410), Earl of Somerset, married Margaret Holland (1385-1429)
  • Henry Cardinal Beaufort (1375–1447)
  • Thomas Beaufort (1377–1427), Duke of Exeter, married Margaret Neville
  • Joan Beaufort (1379–1440), married (1) Robert Ferrers, 3rd Baron Ferrers of Wemme (d. 1396); married (2) Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmoreland (1364–1425)

The Lancaster city centre has a pub called The John O'Gaunt. An administrative ward on the city council also bears the name.

Hungerford in Berkshire also has ancient links to the Duchy, the manor becoming part of John of Gaunt's estate in 1362 before James I passed ownership to two local men in 1612 (which subsequently became Hungerford Town & Manor). The links are visible today in the Town and Manor-owned John O'Gaunt pub, the John O'Gaunt state secondary school, as well as various street names. It is also customary for the Loyal Toast to be given by residents as "The Queen, the Duke of Lancaster".

There is also a secondary school in Trowbridge, Wiltshire bearing the same name, which is built upon land that he once owned.

The remnants of the castle at Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, once owned by Gaunt, sit on John o' Gaunt's Street.

In William Shakespeare's play Richard II, the famous England speech is attributed to John of Gaunt as he lay on his deathbed.

This royal throne of kings, this scepter'd isle,

This earth of majesty, this seat of Mars,

This other Eden, demi-paradise,

This fortress built by Nature for herself

Against infection and the hand of war,

This happy breed of men, this little world,

This precious stone set in the silver sea,

Which serves it in the office of a wall,

Or as a moat defensive to a house,

Against the envy of less happier lands,

This blessed plot, this earth, this realm, this England,

This nurse, this teeming womb of royal kings,

Fear'd by their breed and famous by their birth

—Act II, scene i, 42–54

The Tragedy of King Richard II at Wikisource

Anya Seton's bestselling 1954 novel Katherine depicts Gaunt's long-term affair and eventual marriage to Katherine Swynford.

The eponymous character of the US comic book series GrimJack is legally named John Gaunt; according to author John Ostrander, he took the name from the historical figure simply because it sounded impressive, without any specific historical reference.

• Armitage-Smith, Sydney. John of Gaunt, King of Castile and Leon, Duke of Lancaster, &c.. Constable, 1904.
• Cantor, Norman F. The Last Knight: The Twilight of the Middle Ages and the Birth of the Modern Era. Free Press, 2004.
• Goodman, Anthony. John of Gaunt: The Exercise of Princely Power in Fourteenth-Century Europe. St. Martin, 1992.
• Walker, Simon. The Lancastrian Affinity, 1361– 1399. Clarendon Press, 1990.

• Information about John of Gaunt
• Tudor Place's John of Gaunt page
• John's will and great seal

John of Gaunt, titular King of Castile and León's ancestors in three generations

John of Gaunt, titular King of Castile and León	Father: Edward III of England	Paternal grandfather: Edward II of England	Paternal great-grandfather: Edward I of England
			Paternal great-grandmother: Eleanor of Castile
		Paternal grandmother: Isabella of France	Paternal great-grandfather: Philip IV of France
			Paternal great-grandmother: Joan I of Navarre
	Mother: Philippa of Hainault	Maternal grandfather: William I, Count of Hainaut	Maternal great-grandfather: John II, Count of Holland
			Maternal great-grandmother: Philippine of Luxemburg
		Maternal grandmother: Jeanne of Valois	Maternal great-grandfather: Charles of Valois
			Maternal great-grandmother: Marguerite of Anjou and Maine

Political offices
Preceded by Henry of Grosmont	Lord High Steward 1362–1399	Succeeded by Henry Bolingbroke
Peerage of England
Preceded by (new creation)	Duke of Lancaster 1362–1399	Succeeded by Henry Bolingbroke
Preceded by (new creation)	Duke of Aquitaine 1390–1399
Preceded by Henry of Grosmont	Earl of Leicester, Lancaster, Lincoln and Derby 1361–1399
Preceded by John IV de Montfort	Earl of Richmond 1342–1372	Succeeded by John V de Montfort

v • d • e Dukes of Lancaster
HM The Queen Henry of Grosmont (1351-1361) · John of Gaunt (1362-1399) · Henry IV (1399) · Henry V (1399-1413 – merged in crown)