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James Bradstreet Greenough (May 4, 1833 - October 11, 1901), United States classical scholar, was born in Portland, Maine.

He graduated at Harvard in 1856, studied one year at the Harvard Law School, was admitted to the Michigan bar and practised in Marshall, Michigan, until 1865, when he was appointed tutor in Latin at Harvard. In 1873 he became assistant professor, and in 1883 professor of Latin, a post which he resigned hardly six weeks before his death at Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Following the lead of Goodwin's Moods and Tenses (1860), he set himself to study Latin historical syntax, and in 1870 published Analysis of the Latin Subjunctive, a brief treatise, privately printed, of much originality and value, and in many ways coinciding with Berthold Delbruck's Gebrauch des Conjunctivs und Optativs in Sanskrit und Griechischen (1871), which, however, quite overshadowed the Analysis.

In 1872 appeared A Latin Grammar for Schools and Colleges, founded on Comparative Grammar, by Joseph A. Allen and James B. Greenough, a work of great critical carefulness. His theory of cum-constructions is that adopted and developed by William Gardner Hale. In 1872-1880 Greenough offered the first courses in Sanskrit and comparative philology given at Harvard.

His fine abilities for advanced scholarship were used outside the classroom in editing the Allen and Greenough Latin Series of text-books, although he occasionally contributed to Harvard Studies in Classical Philology (founded in 1889 and endowed at his instance by his own class) papers on Latin syntax, prosody and etymology— a subject on which he planned a long work on Roman archaeology and on Greek religion at the time of the New Comedy.

He assisted largely in the founding of Radcliffe College. An able English scholar and an excellent etymologist, he collaborated with Professor George L Kittredge on Words and their Ways in English Speech (1901), one of the best books on the subject in the language.

He wrote clever light verse, including:

• The Blackbirds, a comedietta, first published in The Atlantic Monthly (vol. xxxix. 1877);
• The Rose and the Ring (1880), a pantomime adapted from William Makepeace Thackeray;
• The Queen of Hearts (1885), a dramatic fantasia;
• Old King Cole (1889), an operetta.

See the sketch by George L Kittredge in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. xiv. (1903), pp 1-17 (also printed in Harvard Graduates Magazine, vol. x., Dec. 1901, pp. 196-201).

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.