From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

JSL can also stand for Japanese Sign Language, Japanese as a Second Language or Japan Soccer League.

Japanese writing

Kanji 漢字

Kana 仮名

• Hiragana 平仮名
• Katakana 片仮名
• Hentaigana 変体仮名
• Man'yōgana 万葉仮名

Uses

• Furigana 振り仮名
• Okurigana 送り仮名

Rōmaji ローマ字

JSL is a romanization system for transcribing the Japanese language into the Roman alphabet. It was devised by Eleanor Jorden for (and named after) her 1987 book Japanese: The Spoken Language.

JSL is designed for teaching Japanese, and so, it follows the Japanese phoneme system fairly closely. For example, different conjugations of a verb may be achieved by changing the final vowel (as in the chart on the right), whereas other systems may require exceptions in some cases, in order to more clearly illustrate pronunciation to native English speakers. In her book, Jorden says that this choice was made to ease the learning of Japanese grammar, and that relying on romanization to learn Japanese pronunciation is misleading as it is an approximation at best.

JSL differs from Hepburn in that it uses doubled vowels, rather than macrons, to represent the long vowels /oː/ and /ɯː/. Tokyo (Tōkyō) and Osaka (Ōsaka), for instance, would be written Tookyoo and Oosaka in JSL. Also, JSL represents ん, the syllabic n, with an "n" with a macron over it, to avoid the practice that other systems use of sometimes writing n and sometimes n' depending on the presence of a following vowel or "y".

JSL is very closely tied to Japanese pronunciation, and gives one consistent symbol for each Japanese phoneme (with the exception of double consonants, written in Japanese with the sokuon). This means that it does depart from Japanese orthography somewhat, as おう is romanized as oo when it indicates a long /o/, but as ou when it indicates two distinct vowel sounds, such as in omou for 思う (おもう). It also distinguishes between g, which is used when only a /g/ sound is possible, and ḡ, which is used when a velar nasal sound (the "ng" in the English word "singer") is also possible in some dialects of Japanese. The particles は and へ are romanized wa and e, in accordance with their pronunciation. However, like Kunrei-shiki and Nihon-shiki, JSL does not distinguish between allophones in Japanese which are different phonemes in English.

JSL has a system of indicating the pitch of each mora. A vowel with an acute accent (´) denotes the first high-pitch mora, a grave accent (`) marks the last high-pitch mora, and a circumflex (ˆ) marks the only high-pitch mora in a word. In this system 日本 "Japan" would be written as nihôn and 二本 "two bottles" as nîhon. (This is why doubled vowels must be used instead of macrons.)