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Impressionist music
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Impressionist music | |
|---|---|
| Stylistic origins: | Reaction to 19th century Romanticism |
| Cultural origins: | Late 19th century in Paris, France |
| Typical instruments: | woodwind, strings, harp, piano, small chamber ensembles |
| Mainstream popularity: | ca. 1890 to 1940 |
The impressionist movement in music is a movement in European classical music, mainly in France, that had its beginnings in the late nineteenth century and continued into the middle of the twentieth century. Like its precursor in the visual arts, musical Impressionism focused on suggestion and atmosphere rather than strong emotion or the depiction of a story as in program music. Musical Impressionism occurred as a reaction to the excesses of the Romantic era. While the Romantic era was characterized by a dramatic use of the major and minor scale system, Impressionist music tends to make more use of dissonance and more uncommon scales such as the whole tone scale. Romantic composers also used long forms of music such as the symphony and concerto, while Impressionist composers favored short forms such as the nocturne, arabesque, and prelude.
Musical Impressionism was based in France, and the French composers Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel are generally considered to be the two "great" Impressionists. However, composers are generally not as accurately described by the term "Impressionism" as painters in the genre are. Debussy renounced it, saying "I am trying to do 'something different'- in a way realities- what the imbeciles call `impressionism' is a term which is as poorly used as possible, particularly by art critics."[1] Maurice Ravel composed many other pieces that aren't identified as Impressionist. Nonetheless, the term is widely used today to describe classical music seen as a reaction to 19th century Romanticism.
Accordingly, many musical instructions in "impressionist" pieces contain musical instructions written in French, as opposed to the traditional Italian.
- See also: List of impressionistic pieces
Besides the two "great" impressionist composers, Frenchmen Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel, other impressionists include Karol Szymanowski (Polish), Charles Griffes (American), Paul Dukas (French), and Ralph Vaughan Williams (English)
Impressionism also influenced the music of Manuel de Falla (Spanish), Frederick Delius (English), Isaac Albéniz (Spanish), Erik Satie (French), Camille Saint-Saëns (French), and Ottorino Respighi (Italian), Francis Poulenc (French),[2] as well as jazz musicians such as Bill Evans.
- Machlis, Joseph and Forney, Kristine. The Enjoyment of Music: Seventh Edition, W.W. Norton & Company, 1995, ISBN 0-393-96643-7
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| Original Impressionists | Frédéric Bazille · Eugène Boudin · Gustave Caillebotte · Mary Cassatt · Paul Cézanne · Edgar Degas · Armand Guillaumin · Édouard Manet · Claude Monet · Berthe Morisot · Camille Pissarro · Pierre-Auguste Renoir · Alfred Sisley |
| The American Impressionists | Frederick Carl Frieseke · Childe Hassam · Willard Metcalf · Lilla Cabot Perry · Theodore Robinson · John Henry Twachtman · J. Alden Weir |
| Other impressionists | Lovis Corinth · Max Liebermann · Max Slevogt · Konstantin Korovin · Valentin Serov · Francisco Oller y Cestero · Laura Muntz Lyall · Władysław Podkowiński · Nazmi Ziya Güran · Chafik Charobim |
| Impressionism in other art forms | Impressionist music · Impressionism (literature) · French Impressionist Cinema |