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Iberian Lynx[1]
Conservation status
Critically endangered (IUCN) [2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Carnivora Family: Felidae Genus: Lynx Species: L. pardinus
Binomial name
Lynx pardinus (Temminck, 1827)

The Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus), sometimes referred to as the Spanish Lynx, is a critically endangered feline mammal native to the Iberian Peninsula in Southern Europe. The species often used to be misclassified as a subspecies of the Eurasian Lynx (Lynx lynx), but is now considered a separate species. Both species evolved together in central Europe in the Pleistocene epoch. The Iberian Lynx is believed to have evolved from Lynx issiodorensis.^[3]

Contents 1 Description 2 Ecology 3 Reproduction 4 Habitat 5 Population 6 References 7 External links

While the Eurasian Lynx bears rather pallid markings, the Iberian Lynx has distinctive, leopard-like spots with a coat that is often light gray or various shades of light brownish-yellow. Some western populations were spotless though these have recently gone extinct.

The male is larger than the female. Its shoulder height is about 2 feet (70 cm), and length is approximately 3 feet (1 m), including a 6 inch (15 cm) tail. The weight ranges from 13 to 25 kg (29 to 55 lbs), which falls at the lower end of size for a Eurasian Lynx.

The Iberian Lynx does not differ greatly from the Eurasian Lynx but more closely resembles a Bobcat. The face of the Iberian Lynx is more cat-like than that of other lynx. The animal has a short stubby bob tail with a black tip, and a tuft of black hair on the tip of the pointed ears, whiskers and sideburns.

The Iberian Lynx is smaller than its northern relatives, and so typically hunts smaller sized animals, usually no larger than hares.

The Iberian Lynx hunts mammals (including rodents and insectivores), birds, reptiles and amphibians at twilight. Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) are its main prey (79.5-86.7%), with (5.9%) hares (Lepus granatensis) and (3.2%) rodents less common.^{[citation needed]} A male requires one rabbit per day, and a female bringing up cubs will eat three rabbits per day.^[4]

As the population of rabbits in Spain has declined, the Iberian Lynx is often forced to attack young deer, Fallow Deer, roebuck or mouflons. The Iberian lynx competes with the Red Fox, the Meloncillo (Herpestes ichneumon) and the Wildcat.

This feline is solitary and hunts alone. The Iberian Lynx will stalk its prey or lie in wait for hours behind a bush or rock until the prey is sufficiently close to pounce in a few strides.

Thanks to its sight, this lynx can distinguish a mouse at 250 ft (75m), a rabbit at 980 ft (300m) and a roebuck at 1,650 ft (500m).^{[citation needed]} The tufts of hair on its ears helps it to detect sources of sound; without them, its hearing capacity is greatly reduced. The edges of its feet are covered in long thick hair, which facilitates silent movement through snow. Lynx, especially with younger animals, roam widely, with ranges reaching more than 100 km. Also it has a territory (~ 10-20 km²), depending on how much food is available.^[4]

The Iberian Lynx marks its territory with its urine, droppings and scratch marks on the barks of trees.

During the mating season the female leaves her territory in search of a male. The typical gestation period is 65 to 75 days, with most cubs being born in March or April. A litter consists of one to four kittens weighing between 200 and 250 grams. Survival of the young depends heavily on the availability of prey species. In the wild a male reaches sexual maturity at about two and half to three years, and a female at two. In captivity, sexual maturity is achieved at an earlier age.^{[citation needed]}

This lynx was once distributed over the entire Iberian Peninsula. It is now restricted to very small areas, with breeding only confirmed in two areas of Andalusia, southern Spain. The Iberian Lynx prefers heterogeneous environments of open grassland mixed with dense shrubs such as Arbutus, lentisk, and Juniper; and trees such as Holm oak and Cork oak. Mainly in mountainous areas covered with vegetation; maquis or "Mediterranean forest".

The Iberian Lynx is a critically endangered species.^[5] The Iberian Lynx is the world's most threatened species of cat, and the most threatened carnivore in Europe.^[6]

Studies conducted in March 2005 have estimated the number of surviving Iberian Lynx to be as few as 100, which is down from about 400 in 2000.^[7] If the Iberian Lynx were to become extinct, it would be the first big cat species to do so since the extinction of the Smilodon.^{[citation needed]}

The only breeding populations are in Spain, living in the Coto Doñana National Park and in the Sierra de Andújar, Jaén.

The Iberian Lynx and its habitat are fully protected and are no longer legally hunted. Its critical status is mainly due to habitat loss, poisoning, road casualties, feral dogs and poaching. Its habitat loss is due mainly to infrastructure improvement, urban & resort development, tree monocultivation (pine, pseudotsuga, eucalyptus) which serves to break the lynx's distribution area. In addition, the lynx prey population of rabbits is also declining due to diseases like myxomatosis and hemorrhagic pneumonia.^[8]

On March 29, 2005, the birth of three cubs, the first born in captivity, was announced.^[9] Four more cubs were born in 2006. These recent births seem to open up the prospect of a future reintroduction of the species to parts of its former habitat where it has disappeared.

• Large Carnivore Initiative for Europe - Iberian Lynx
• (Spanish) Programa de Conservación Ex-Situ Official page Spanish government.
• ARKive - images and movies of the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus)
• The natural history of the Iberian Lynx
• A more critical view
• A BBC report of a football team sponsoring lynx conservation.
• (Spanish) Lynx photos
• (Spanish) Lynx in vertebradosibericos.org