Howell Cobb

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Speaker of the Provisional Confederate Congress Also a Provisional Head of State
Howell Cobb

In office February 4, 1861 – February 17, 1862Head of State until February 18, 1861
Preceded by	Robert Woodward Barnwell
Succeeded by	Thomas Stanley Bocock (Speaker) Jefferson Davis (Head of State)
23^rd Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
In office December 22, 1849 – March 4, 1851
Preceded by	Robert Charles Winthrop
Succeeded by	Linn Boyd
22^nd United States Secretary of the Treasury
In office March 7, 1857 – December 8, 1860
President	James Buchanan
Preceded by	James Guthrie
Succeeded by	Philip F. Thomas

Born	September 7, 1815(1815-09-07) Jefferson County, Georgia, U.S.
Died	October 9, 1868 (aged 53) New York City, New York, U.S.
Political party	Democratic
Profession	Politician, Lawyer

Howell Cobb (September 7, 1815 – October 9, 1868) was an American political figure. A Southern Democrat, Cobb was a five-term member of the United States House of Representatives and Speaker of the House from 1849 to 1851. He also served as a Secretary of Treasury under President James Buchanan (1857-1860) and Governor of Georgia (1851-1853).

He is, however, probably best know as one of the founders of the Confederate States of America, served as the Speaker of the Provisional Confederate Congress, when delegates of the secessionist states issued creation of the Confederacy.

Cobb served for two weeks between foundation of Confederacy and election of Jefferson Davis as first President. This made him, as the Speaker of the Congress, provisional Head of State at this time. Because of this he is sometime called^{[citation needed]}, even if mistakenly, first President of the Confederacy, although never held title of President nor Acting President.

1 Early life and career
2 Civil War
3 Postbellum
4 References
5 Notes
6 External links
7 Further reading

Born in Jefferson County, Georgia, Cobb was raised in Athens, Georgia, and attended the University of Georgia where he was a member of the Phi Kappa Literary Society. He was admitted to the bar in 1836 and became solicitor general of the western judicial circuit of Georgia.

He was elected as Democrat to the 28th, 29th, 30th and 31st Congresses. He was chairman of the U.S. House Committee on Mileage during the 28th Congress, and Speaker of the United States House of Representatives during the 31st Congress.

He sided with President Andrew Jackson on the question of nullification; was an efficient supporter of President James K. Polk's administration during the Mexican-American War; and was an ardent advocate of slavery extension into the territories, but when the Compromise of 1850 had been agreed upon, he became its staunch supporter as a Union Democrat. He joined Georgia Whigs Alexander Stephens and Robert Toombs in a statewide campaign to elect delegates to a state convention that overwhelmingly affirmed, in the Georgia Platform, that the state accepted the Compromise as the final resolution to the outstanding slavery issues. On that issue, Cobb was elected governor of Georgia by a large majority.

In 1850, as Speaker he was next in line to the Presidency for two days due to Vice Presidential vacancy and a president pro tempore had not been appointed yet. When Zachary Taylor died on July 9th, Vice President Millard Fillmore became President. The president pro tempore of the Senate was not appointed until July 11th when William Rufus de Vane King took that position.

President Buchanan and his Cabinet
From left to right: Jacob Thompson, Lewis Cass, John B. Floyd, James Buchanan, Howell Cobb, Isaac Toucey, Joseph Holt and Jeremiah S. Black, (c. 1859)

In 1851, he left the House to serve as the Governor of Georgia, holding that post until 1853. He published A Scriptural Examination of the Institution of Slavery (1856).^[1]

He was elected to the 34th Congress and then took the position of Secretary of the Treasury in Buchanan's Cabinet. He served for three years, resigning in December 1860.

During that year, he had ceased to be a Unionist, and became a leader of the secession movement. He was president of a convention of the seceded states that assembled in Montgomery, Alabama, on February 24, 1861. Under Cobb's guidance, the delegates drafted a constitution for the new Confederacy. He served as Speaker and as President Pro Tempore of several sessions of the Confederate Provisional Congress, before resigning to join the military when war erupted. He was one of those considered to be President of the Confederate States.

Cobb enlisted in the Confederate Army and was named as Colonel of the 16th Georgia Infantry. He was appointed a brigadier general on February 13, 1862, and assigned command of a brigade in what became the Army of Northern Virginia. He saw combat during the Peninsula Campaign and the Seven Days Battles. Cobb's brigade played a key role in the fighting at Crampton's Gap during the Battle of South Mountain, where it arrived at a critical time to delay a Union advance through the gap. His men also fought at the subsequent Battle of Antietam.

In October 1862, Cobb was detached from the Army of Northern Virginia and sent to the District of Middle Florida. He was promoted to major general on September 9, 1863, and placed in command of the District of Georgia and Florida. He suggested the construction of a prisoner-of-war camp in southern Georgia, a location thought to be safe from Union invaders. This idea led to the creation of Andersonville prison. When William T. Sherman's armies entered Georgia during the 1864 Atlanta Campaign and subsequent March to the Sea, General Cobb commanded the Georgia reserve corps. In the spring of 1865, with the Confederacy clearly waning, he and his troops were sent to neighboring Alabama to help oppose Wilson's Raid.

In the closing days of the war, Cobb fruitlessly opposed General Robert E. Lee's eleventh hour proposal of enlisting slaves into the army. Fearing this move would completely discredit the fundamental justification of slavery that blacks were inferior people, he said, "You cannot make soldiers of slaves, or slaves of soldiers. The day you make a soldier of them is the beginning of the end of the Revolution. And if slaves seem good soldiers, then our whole theory of slavery is wrong."^[2]

Howell Cobb in his postbellum.

He surrendered at Macon, Georgia, April 20, 1865.

Following the war, Cobb returned home and resumed his law practice, but despite pressure from his former constituents and soldiers, he refused to make any public remarks on Reconstruction policy until he received a presidential pardon, although he privately opposed it. Finally receiving that document in early 1868, he then vigorously opposed the Reconstruction Acts, making a series of speeches that summer that bitterly denounced the policies of the reigning Radical Republicans in Congress.

Taking a break from his schedule of political speeches, Cobb decided to vacation in New York City in the autumn. He died of a heart attack in that city. His body was returned to Athens, Georgia, for burial in Oconee Hill Cemetery.^[3]

Thomas Willis Cobb was a cousin and Thomas Reade Rootes Cobb a younger brother of Howell Cobb. His great uncle and namesake, Howell Cobb, had been a U.S. Congressman from 1807–1812, and then served as an officer in the War of 1812.

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.
This article incorporates facts obtained from the public domain Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
Howell Cobb at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress

^ NIE
^ Encyclopedia Britanica
^ New Georgia Encyclopedia

Montgomery, Horace, Howell Cobb's Confederate Career. (Tuscaloosa, Alabama: Confederate Publishing, 1959).

Preceded by Julius C. Alford Edward J. Black Walter T. Colquitt Thomas F. Foster Roger L. Gamble George W. Crawford Thomas B. King James A. Meriwether Mark A. Cooper Lott Warren	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia's At-large congressional district March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1845 Served alongside: Edward J. Black, Mark A. Cooper, Alexander H. Stephens, Hugh A. Haralson, John B. Lamar, Absalom H. Chappell, John H. Lumpkin, John Millen, Duncan L. Clinch and William H. Stiles	Succeeded by (none)
Preceded by (none)	Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Georgia's 6th congressional district March 4, 1845 – March 3, 1851	Succeeded by Junius Hillyer
Preceded by Robert C. Winthrop	Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives December 22, 1849 – March 4, 1851	Succeeded by Linn Boyd
Preceded by George W. Towns	Governor of Georgia 1851 – 1853	Succeeded by Herschel V. Johnson
Preceded by James Guthrie	United States Secretary of the Treasury March 7, 1857 – December 8, 1860	Succeeded by Philip Francis Thomas
Preceded by Robert W. Barnwell	Speaker of the Provisional Confederate Congress February 8, 1861 – February 27, 1862	Succeeded by (none)