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Hooligan firm
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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A hooligan firm (or a simply a firm) is an organised gang that supports a football team (or in some cases another type of sports club) and engages in fights with supporters of other clubs.
Fights mostly take place far away from the sports grounds, to make it as hard as possible for police and other authorities to interrupt. In many countries, hooligan firm violence has replaced the more unorganised violence related to sports,[citation needed] though in the public eye both forms of violence are considered hooliganism.
Some football firms, especially in southern and eastern Europe, have been linked with extreme right political groups, but other firms have been associated with leftist or anti-racist views. It should be noted that the firms' political views are not representative of all supporters of the teams.
Football hooliganism has been featured in films such as I.D., The Firm and Green Street, (the latter featuring fictional firms based on West Ham's' Inter City Firm (ICF) and Millwall's The Treatment). There are also many books about hooliganism, such as The Football Factory (also a film) and Among the Thugs. Some contend that such media representations glamorise violence and the hooligan lifestyle.
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In 1960s Britain (and to some extent in subsequent decades and in other countries), the skinhead style was popular among football hooligans. The police started cracking down on people wearing typical skinhead clothing styles, so some hooligans changed their image. In the late 1970s, many British hooligans started wearing expensive European designer clothing, to avoid attracting the attention of authorities,. The subculture revolving around this clothing style became known as casual.
Clothing lines popular with British football casuals have included: Pringle, Fred Perry, Le Coq Sportif, Aquascutum, Burberry, Lacoste, Timberland, Henri Lloyd, Lonsdale and Ralph Lauren. A BBC report in 2002 suggested that the most popular label among casuals was Stone Island.
- Birmingham City F.C. -Zulus[1]
- Blackpool F.C. – The Muckers[2]
- Carlisle United- Border City Firm [3]
- Chelsea F.C. – Headhunters[4]
- Derby County F.C. - Derby Lunatic Fringe
- Hull City F.C. – City Psychos[5]
- Leeds United A.F.C. – Service Crew[6]
- Manchester United F.C. – The Red Army (Manchester United) [7]
- Middlesbrough F.C. – The Frontline[8]
- Millwall F.C. – Bushwackers[9]
- Preston North End F.C. - Preston Para Squad[10]
- Sheffield Wednesday F.C. – Owls Crime Squad[11]
- Sheffield United F.C. – Blades Business Crew[12]
- Stoke City F.C. – Naughty Forty[13]
- Tottenham Hotspur F.C. – Yid Army[14]
- West Ham United F.C. – Inter City Firm[9]
- Paris Saint-Germain – Commando Pirate,[15] Casual Firm[16]
- Cracovia Kraków – Jude Gang,[17] Antywisła[17]
- Wisła Kraków – Sharks,[17] Devils[17]
- Lech Poznań – Young Freaks '98 [18]
- Aberdeen F.C. – Aberdeen Soccer Casuals[19]
- Dundee F.C./Dundee United F.C. – The Utility[19]
- Hibernian F.C. – Capital City Service[19]
- Motherwell F.C. – Saturday Service[19]
- Glasgow Rangers F.C. – Inter City Firm[19]
- AIK – Firman Boys,[20], Young Boys,[20] Baby Boys,[21] Yngre Yngre Yngre[22]
- BS BolticGöta/Degerfors IF/Färjestads BK – Värmlandsalliansen[23]
- Djurgårdens IF – Djurgårdens Fina Grabbar,[20] Djurgårdens Yngre Grabbar,[20] Djurgårdens Mindre Grabbar[20]
- GAIS – Gärningsmännen,[24] GAIS Yngre[24]
- IFK Göteborg – Wisemen,[20] Gothenburg Youth Division[20]
- Kalmar FF – Kalmarfamiljen[25]
- Hammarby IF – Kompisgänget Bajen,[20] Bajen Baby Squad[21]
- Helsingborgs IF – Frontline,[21] Hbg Yngre[21]
- Linköpings HC – Cluben Casuals[26]
- Malmö FF – Sky Blue Crew[21]
- Västerås SK – VSK Casuals[27]
- Cardiff City F.C. – Soul Crew[9]
- Swansea City F.C. – Swansea Riot Squad[28]
- ^ Gall, Carolin (2005). Zulus: A Football Hooligan Gang. Lytham: Milo. ISBN 1-903854-48-2.
- ^ Stocks, Rob. "Hooligans not welcome here", Blackpool Gazette, 2006-11-23. Retrieved on 2006-11-23.
- ^ {{cite book | last= McNee| First=Iain| co-author= last=Dodd/first Paul| title=England's number One | publisher P.I.G | date=1999 id= ISBN-10: 096661030X]]
- ^ Ward, Colin; Hickmott, Steve (2000). Armed for the Match: The Troubles and Trials of the Chelsea Headhunters. London: Headline. ISBN 0-7472-6292-6.
- ^ Tordoff, Shaun (2002). City Psychos: From the Monte Carlo Mob to the Silver Cod Squad, Four Decades of Terrace Terror. Ramsbottom: Milo. ISBN 1-903854-13-X.
- ^ Brown, Jonathan, Garner, Richard. "London Bombings: Muslim fears of revenge attacks grow", The Independent, 2005-07-16. Retrieved on 2006-10-13.
- ^ O'Neill, Tony (2004). Red Army General: The Inside Story of the World's Most Infamous Football Firm. Lytham: Milo. ISBN 1-903854-32-6.
- ^ Debrick, Paul (2005). The Brick: A Hooligan's Story. Milo. ISBN 1-903854-47-4.
- ^ a b c Crichton, Torcuil. "Casual Reacquaintance", Sunday Herald, 2004-05-16. Retrieved on 2006-10-13.
- ^ "Football violence website collapses", Lancashire Evening Post, 2003-05-26. Retrieved on 2007-01-18.
- ^ Allen, Paul; Naylor, Douglas (2005). Flying with the Owls Crime Squad. London: John Blake. ISBN 1-84454-093-6.
- ^ Cowens, Steve; Heaton, Paul (2001). Blades Business Crew:The Shocking Diary of a Soccer Hooligan Top Boy. London: Milo Books. ISBN 978-0953084784.
- ^ "Reformed Naughty Forty hooligan tells his tale", BBC, 2003. Retrieved on 2007-01-01.
- ^ {{ |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/programmes/2002/hooligans/diary/millwall.stm | accesdate=2007-03-03}}
- ^ Thiolay, Boris. "Moi Fred hooligan du PSG", l'Express, 2003-05-08. Retrieved on 2006-11-09.
- ^ Pugmire, Jerome. "Racist insults infiltrate French soccer stadium", The Boston - Bay State Banner, 2006-04-20. Retrieved on 2006-11-09.
- ^ a b c d Smoleński, Paweł. "Na stadionie jest przecież spokojnie", Gazeta Wyborcza, 2006-04-15. Retrieved on 2006-11-26.
- ^ Wozińska, Ewa. "Niech zwycięża Lech!", Gazeta Poznańska.
- ^ a b c d e Didcock, Barry. "Casuals: The Lost Tribe of Britain", Sunday Herald, 2005-05-08. Retrieved on 2006-10-13.
- ^ a b c d e Orrenius, Johan. "Enorma slagsmål och droger", Expressen, 2006-09-03. Retrieved on 2006-09-03.
- ^ Worship Redaktionen (2006-05-09). Intervju med En av grabbarna i brödraskapet Firman Boys. Worship Underground. Retrieved on 2006-09-03.
- ^ Karlsson, Emil. ""Kicken är obeskrivlig"", Expressen, 2006-11-13. Retrieved on 2006-11-13.
- ^ a b Askerup, Fredrik. "Huliganlivet: Våld, droger och dyra märkeskläder", Göteborgs-Posten, 2005-10-22. Retrieved on 2006-09-03.
- ^ "Våldet närmar sig Kalmar FF", Sveriges Radio, 2005-10-22. Retrieved on 2006-09-03.
- ^ "Ny "firma" bakom våld vid LHC-matcher", Östgöta Correspondenten, 2006-01-10. Retrieved on 2006-09-03.
- ^ "Vissa VSK-supportrar bara ute för att slåss", Sveriges Television, 2005-07-14. Retrieved on 2006-09-03.
- ^
- Hooli-News Latest hooligan-related news and information from around the world.
- Three-part BBC2 investigation on football firms from 2002
- Running with the 'Naughty Forty', part of the BBC2 2002 investigation