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Free group
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In mathematics, a group G is called free if there is a subset S of G such that any element of G can be written in one and only one way as a product of finitely many elements of S and their inverses (disregarding trivial variations such as st-1 = su-1ut-1).
A related but different notion is free abelian group.
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Free groups first arose in the study of hyperbolic geometry, as examples of Fuchsian groups (discrete groups acting by isometries on the hyperbolic plane). In an 1882 paper, Walther von Dyck pointed out that these groups have the simplest possible presentations.[1] The algebraic study of free groups was initiated by Jakob Nielsen in 1924, who gave them their name and established many of their basic properties.[2][3][4] Max Dehn realized the connection with topology, and obtained the first proof of the full Nielsen-Schreier Theorem.[5] Otto Schreier published an algebraic proof of this result in 1927,[6] and Kurt Reidemeister included a comprehensive treatment of free groups in his 1932 book on combinatorial topology.[7] Later on in the 1930s, Wilhelm Magnus discovered the connection between the lower central series of free groups and free Lie algebras.
The group (Z,+) of integers is free; we can take S = {1}. A free group on a two-element set S occurs in the proof of the Banach–Tarski paradox and is described there.
In algebraic topology, the fundamental group of a bouquet of k circles (a set of k loops having only one point in common) is the free group on a set of k elements.
The free group FS with free generating set S can be constructed as follows. First, define a word in S to be any written product of elements of S and their inverses. For example, if S = {a, b, c}, then
is a word in S. If an element of S lies immediately next to its inverse, the word may be simplified by omitting the s, s-1 pair:
A word that cannot be simplified further is called reduced. The free group FS is defined to be the group of all reduced words in S. The group operation in FS is concatenation of words (followed by reduction if necessary).
The free group FS is the universal group generated by the set S. This can be formalized by the following universal property: given any function ƒ from S to a group G, there exists a unique homomorphism φ: FS → G making the following diagram commute:
That is, homomorphisms FS → G are in one-to-one correspondence with functions S → G. For a non-free group, the presence of relations would restrict the possible images of the generators under a homomorphism.
The above property characterizes free groups up to isomorphism, and is sometimes used as an alternative definition. It is known as the universal property of free groups, and the generating set S is called a basis for FS. The basis for a free group is not uniquely determined.
Being characterized by a universal property is the standard feature of free objects in universal algebra. In the language of category theory, the construction of the free group (similar to most constructions of free objects) is a functor from the category of sets to the category of groups. This functor is left adjoint to the forgetful functor from groups to sets.
Some properties of free groups follow readily from the definition:
- Any group G is the homomorphic image of some free group F(S). Let S be a set of generators of G. The natural map f: F(S) → G is an epimorphism, which proves the claim. Equivalently, G is isomorphic to a quotient group of some free group F(S). The kernel of f is a set of relations in the presentation of G. If S can be chosen to be finite here, then G is called finitely generated.
- If S has more than one element, then F(S) is not abelian, and in fact the center of F(S) is trivial (that is, consists only of the identity element).
- A free group of finite rank n > 1 has an exponential growth rate of order 2n − 1.
- Two free groups F(S) and F(T) are isomorphic if and only if S and T have the same cardinality. This cardinality is called the rank of the free group F. Thus for every cardinal number k, there is, up to isomorphism, exactly one free group of rank k.
A few other related results are:
- The Nielsen–Schreier theorem: Any subgroup of a free group is free.
- A free group of rank k clearly has subgroups of every rank less than k. Less obviously, a free group of rank greater than 1 has subgroups of all countable ranks.
- The commutator subgroup of a free group of rank k has infinite rank; for example for F(a,b), it is freely generated by the commutators [am, bn] for non-zero m and n.
- The free group in two elements is SQ universal; the above follows as any SQ universal group has subgroups of all countable ranks.
- Any group that acts on a tree, freely and preserving the orientation, is a free group of countable rank (given by 1 plus the Euler characteristic of the quotient graph).
- The Cayley graph of a free group of finite rank is a tree on which the group acts freely, preserving the orientation.
- Further information: free abelian group
The free abelian group on a set S is defined via its universal property in the analogous way, with obvious modifications: Consider a pair (F, φ), where F is an abelian group and φ: S → F is a function. F is said to be the free abelian group on S with respect to φ if for any abelian group G and any function ψ: S → G, there exists a unique homomorphism f: F → G such that
- f(φ(s)) = ψ(s), for all s in S.
The free abelian group on S can be explicitly identified as the free group F(S) modulo the subgroup generated by its commutators, [F(S), F(S)], i.e. its abelianisation. In other words, the free abelian group on S is the set of words that are distinguished only up to the order of letters. The rank of a free group can therefore also be defined as the rank of its abelianisation as a free abelian group.
Around 1945, Alfred Tarski asked whether the free groups on two or more generators have the same first order theory, and whether this theory is decidable. Independently, a proof for both problems, and a proof of the first problem, have been announced (both in the affirmative). Neither has yet been judged correct and complete. For details, see open problem (O8) at the New York Group Theory Cooperative.
- ^ von Dyck, Walther (1882). "Gruppentheoretische Studien". Mathematische Annalen 20 (1): 1-44. doi:10.1007/BF01443322.
- ^ Nielsen, Jakob (1912). "Die Isomorphismen der allgemeinen unendlichen Gruppe mit zwei Erzeugenden". Mathematische Annalen 78 (1): 385-397. doi:10.1007/BF01457113.
- ^ Nielsen, Jakob (1921). "On calculation with noncommutative factors and its application to group theory. (Translated from Danish)". The Mathematical Scientist 6 (1981) (2): 73-85.
- ^ Nielsen, Jakob (1924}). "Die Isomorphismengruppe der freien Gruppen". Mathematische Annalen 91 (3): 169-209. doi:10.1007/BF01556078.
- ^ See Magnus, Wilhelm; Moufang, Ruth (1954). "Max Dehn zum Gedächtnis". Mathematische Annalen 127 (1): 215-227. doi:10.1007/BF01361121. .
- ^ Schreier, Otto (1928). "Die Untergruppen der freien Gruppen". Abhandlungen aus dem Mathematischen Seminar der Universität Hamburg 5: 161-183.
- ^ Reidemeister, Kurt (1972 (1932 original)). Einführung in die kombinatorische Topologie. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
- W. Magnus, A. Karrass and D. Solitar, "Combinatorial Group Theory", Dover (1976).
- J.-P. Serre, Trees, Springer (2003) (english translation of "arbres, amalgames, SL2", 3rd edition, astérisque 46 (1983))