Francis Biddle

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The Nuremberg judges, left to right: John Parker, Francis Biddle, Alexander Volchkov, Iona Nikitchenko, Geoffrey Lawrence, Norman Birkett

Francis Beverley Biddle (May 9, 1886 – October 4, 1968) was an American lawyer and judge who is most famous as the primary American judge during the Nuremberg trials after World War II.

Biddle was one of four sons of Algernon Biddle, a law professor at the University of Pennsylvania. He was also the great-great-grandson of Edmund Randolph [1], and a half second cousin four times removed of James Madison [2]. He was born in Paris, while his family was living abroad. He graduated from the Groton School, where he participated in boxing. He earned degrees from Harvard University in 1909 (A.B.) and a law degree in 1911. He first worked as a private secretary to Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. He spent the next 27 years practicing law in Philadelphia. In 1912, he supported the presidential candidacy of former U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's renegade Bull Moose Party.

In 1935, President Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated him to be chairman of the National Labor Relations Board, then four years later, became a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. He only served one year before leaving to become the United States Solicitor General. This also turned out to be a short-lived position when Roosevelt nominated him to the position of Attorney General of the United States in 1941.

Serving in this position throughout most of World War II, Biddle is perhaps best remembered as Attorney General for his actions in directing the Federal Bureau of Investigation arrest of "enemy aliens" on December 7, 1941 as the precursor to Executive Order 9066 which authorized the US Japanese internment camps of the second world war^[1].

At President Harry S. Truman's request, he resigned after Roosevelt's death. Shortly after, Truman appointed Biddle as a judge at the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg.

In 1947, he was nominated by Truman as the American representative on the United Nations Economic and Social Council. However, after the Republican Party refused to act on the nomination, Biddle asked Truman to withdraw his name.

In the early 1950s, he was named as chairman of the Americans for Democratic Action, then one decade later, wrote two volumes of memoirs: A Casual Past in 1961 and In Brief Authority the following year. His final position came as chairman of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Memorial Commission, which he resigned in 1965.

Biddle's writing skills had long been in evidence prior to the release of his memoirs. In 1927, he wrote a novel about Philadelphia society, "The Llanfear Pattern." In 1942, he took advantage of his close association with Oliver Wendell Holmes 30 years earlier with a biography of the jurist, "Mr. Justice Holmes," then wrote "Democratic Thinking and the War" two years later. His 1949 book, The World's Best Hope looked at the United States' role in the post-war era.

Biddle was married to the poet Katherine Garrison Chapin. He died of a heart attack in Wellfleet, Massachusetts, on October 4, 1968. He had two sons, Edmund Randolph Biddle and Garrison Chapin, and was the subject of the 2004 play Trying by Joanna McClelland Glass, who had served as Biddle's personal secretary from 1967-1968.

Preceded by Robert H. Jackson	Solicitor General 1940–1941	Succeeded by Charles H. Fahy
Preceded by Robert H. Jackson	United States Attorney General 1941–1945	Succeeded by Tom C. Clark

^ See Chronology Of Internment Camps from the University of Central Arkansas Arkansas Memory Project.

Biography with the picture

Judges of the Nuremberg Trials

	Geoffrey Lawrence (president)	Norman Birkett (alternate)
	Francis Biddle (judge)	John Parker (alternate)
	Henri de Vabres (judge)	Robert Falco (alternate)
	Iona Nikitchenko (judge)	Alexander Volchkov (alternate)