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Extracellular fluid
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Extracellular fluid (ECF) usually denotes all body fluid outside of cells. The remainder is called intracellular fluid.
In some animals, including mammals, the extracellular fluid can be divided into 2 major subcompartments, interstitial fluid and blood plasma. The extracellular fluid also includes the transcellular fluid; making up only about 2.5 percent of the ECF.
In humans, the normal glucose concentration of extracellular fluid that is regulated by homeostasis is approximately 5 mM.
The pH of extracellular fluid is tightly regulated by buffers around 7.4.
The volume of ECF is typically 15L (of which 12L is interstitial fluid and 3L as plasma)
Main Cations: Sodium (140 mM) Potassium (4 mM) Calcium (2 mM)
Main Anions: Chloride (110 mM) Hydrogen Carbonate (26 mM)
It is poorer in proteins compared to intracellular fluid
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Filtration: Ultrafiltration - Countercurrent exchange
Hormones affecting filtration:Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - Aldosterone - Atrial natriuretic peptide
Endocrine: Renin - Erythropoietin (EPO) - Calcitriol (Active vitamin D) - Prostaglandins
Assessing Renal function / Measures of dialysis: Glomerular filtration rate - Creatinine clearance - Renal clearance ratio - Urea reduction ratio - Kt/V - Standardized Kt/V - Hemodialysis product
Fluid balance - Darrow Yannet diagram - Body water - Interstitial fluid - Extracellular fluid - Intracellular fluid/Cytosol - Plasma - Transcellular fluid - Base excess - Davenport diagram - Anion gap
Bicarbonate buffering system - Respiratory compensation - Renal compensation