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An equestrian sculpture (from the Latin "equus," meaning "horse") is a statue of a mounted rider.

The equestrian Marcus Aurelius on the Capitoline Hill, displayed uninterruptedly for eighteen centuries, was the prototype for Renaissance equestrian sculptures.

Bertel Thorvaldsen's neoclassicist equestrian statue of Prince Józef Poniatowski, Warsaw.

Monument to Nicholas I, St. Petersburg.

Equestrian statue of Theodoros Kolokotronis in Nafplion, Greece

Such statues frequently commemorated military leaders, and those statesmen who wished to symbolically emphasize the active leadership role undertaken since Roman times by the equestrian class, the equites or knights.

There were numerous bronze equestrian portraits (particularly of the emperors) in ancient Rome, but they did not survive because it was standard practice to melt down bronze statues for reuse of the precious alloy as coin or other, smaller projects (such as new sculptures for Christian churches). The sole surviving Roman equestrian bronze, of Marcus Aurelius (illustration, right), owes its preservation on the Campidoglio, Rome, to the popular mis-identification of Marcus Aurelius, the philosopher-emperor, with Constantine the Great, the Christian emperor.

After the Romans, no equestrian bronze was cast in Europe until Donatello achieved the heroic bronze equestrian statue of the condottiere Gattamelata, in Padua, executed in 1445–1450.

Giambologna's equestrian bronze of Ferdinand de' Medici for the Piazza della SS. Annunziata was completed by his assistant, Pietro Tacca, in 1608. Tacca's last public commission was the colossal equestian bronze of Philip IV, begun in 1634 and shipped to Madrid in 1640. In Tacca's sculpture, atop a complicated fountain composition that forms the centerpiece of the façade of the Royal Palace, the horse rears, and the entire weight of the sculpture balances on the two rear legs—and, discreetly, its tail—a feat that had never been attempted in a figure on a heroic scale, one of which Leonardo had dreamed.

In the United States, the first three full-scale equestrian sculptures were Clark Mills Andrew Jackson (1852), Henry Kirke Brown's George Washington (1856) for Union Square, New York and Thomas Crawford's Washington in Richmond, Virginia (1858). Mills was the first American sculptor to overcome the challenge of casting a rider on a rearing horse. The resulting sculpture was so popular he repeated it, for Washington, D.C., New Orleans and Nashville, Tennessee. Cyrus Edwin Dallin made a specialty of equestrian sculptures of American Indians: his Appeal to the Great Spirit stands before the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

After World War I few equestrian monuments were created in the age of the automobile. An exception is the muscular bronze Theodore Roosevelt by James Earle Fraser, centered on the Roosevelt Memorial at the American Museum of Natural History.

As the twentieth Century progressed the popularity of the equestrian monument declined. This was in part due to the decline of the Beaux-Arts style, the chosen one for many of these monuments, but is was also due to the almost complete cessation of the use of the horse as a work animal. From time immemorial leaders, both political and military, rode horses as a matter of course and thus portraying them on horseback was a logical step. The late 1970s and early 1980s witnessed a revival in equestrian monuments, largely in the Southwest part of the United States. There, art centers such as in Loveland, Colorado, Shadoni Foundry in New Mexico and various studios in Texas began once again producing equestrian sculpture. These revival works fall into two general categories, the memorialization of a particular individual or the portrayal of more mundane subjects, notably the American cowboy. Such monuments are liberally scattered across a wide area of the Southwest.

A common belief is that if the horse is rampant, that is with both front legs in the air, the rider died in battle. If the horse has one front leg up, the rider was wounded in battle or died of wounds sustained in battle, and if all four hooves are on the ground, the rider died of causes other than combat.

Although some statues in commemoration of the Battle of Gettysburg follow this practice, it is generally not used.

"Equestrian Statue" is the title of a 1967 song by the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band, in which a town square is enlivened by the presence of a rather lively equestrian statue of a former dignitary.

• List of equestrian sculptures

• Equestrian statues in Washington, D.C. (with pictures)

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Equestrian sculptures