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Ems (river)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
|
| Ems | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Origin | Eastern Westphalia |
| Mouth | North Sea |
| Basin countries | Germany, Netherlands |
| Length | 371 km |
| Source elevation | 134 m |
| Avg. discharge | 80 m³/s |
| Basin area | 17,934 km² |
- For the river in Hampshire, see River Ems.
The Ems (German: Ems; Dutch: Eems) is a river in northwestern Germany and northeastern Netherlands. It runs through the states of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony and forms the state border between the Lower Saxon area of East Friesland (Germany) and the province of Groningen (Netherlands). Its total length is 371 km.
The source of the river is in the southern Teutoburg Forest in North Rhine-Westphalia. In Lower Saxony the brook becomes a comparatively large river. Here the swampy region of Emsland is named after the river. In Meppen the Ems is joined by its largest tributary, the Hase river. It then flows northwards, close to the Dutch border, into East Frisia. Near Emden it flows into the Dutch Dollard bay (a National Park) and then continues as a tidal river towards the Dutch city of Delfzijl.
Between Emden and Delfzijl, the Ems forms the border between the Netherlands and Germany and is subject to mild dispute: the Dutch believe that the border runs through the geographical center of the estuary, whereas the Germans claim it runs through the deepest channel (which is close to the Dutch coast). As both parties are friendly states, the argument goes no further than an agreement to disagree.
Past Delfzijl, the Ems discharges into the Wadden Sea, part of the North Sea. The two straits that separate the German island of Borkum from its neighbours Rottumeroog (Netherlands) and Memmert (Germany) continue the name "Ems", as they are called Westere(e)ms and Osterems (West and East Ems).
The Ems is accompanied and crossed by different long-distance bicycle routes:
- Hövelhof
- Steinhorst
- Westerwiehe
- Schöning
- Rietberg
- Rheda-Wiedenbrück
- Harsewinkel
- Warendorf
- Telgte
- Greven
- Emsdetten
- Rheine
- Salzbergen
- Emsbüren
- Lingen
- Geeste
- Meppen
- Haren
- Lathen
- Kluse
- Dörpen
- Lehe
- Aschendorf
- Tunxdorf
- Papenburg
- Weener
- Leer
- Jemgum
- Midlum
- Critzum
- Rorichum
- Gandersum
- Emden
- Knock
- Delfzijl
The Ems was known to several ancient authors: Pliny the Elder in Natural History (4.14), Tacitus in the Annals (Book 1), Pomponius Mela (3.3), Strabo and Ptolemy, Geography (2.10). Ptolemy's name for it was the Amisios potamos, and in Latin Amisius fluvius. The others used the same, or Amisia, or Amasia, or Amasios. The identification is certain, as it always is listed between the Rhine and the Weser, and was the only river leading to the Teutoburg Forest.
The Amisius flowed from the Teutoburg Forest, home of the Cherusci, with the Bructeri and others bordering the river. These tribes were among the initial Franks. The Romans were quite interested in adding them to the empire, and to that end built a fort, Amisia, at the mouth of the Ems. As the river was navigable to their ships, they hoped to use it to access the tribes at its upper end.
Surrounding the river for most of its length, however, were swamps, bogs and marshes. The Romans found they had no place to stand, could not pick the most favorable ground, because there was none, and could not in general follow the strategies and tactics developed by the Roman army. They were stopped at the Battle of Teutoburg Forest, 9 AD, and were checked again 6 years later. The Ems became a road leading nowhere for them, nor were they ever able to bridge the swamps satisfactorily with causeways.
Construction of canals in more modern times connected the Ems to other waterways, opening it as a highway of industrial transportation.
