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The Emergency Operations Center, or EOC, is a central command and control facility responsible for carrying out the principles of emergency preparedness and emergency management, or disaster management functions at a strategic level in an emergency situation, and ensuring the continuity of operation of the company, or political subdivision.

The EOC is responsible for the strategic, or "big picture" of the disaster, and does not normally directly control field assets, but makes strategic decisions and leaves tactical decisions to lower commands. The common functions of all EOC's is to collect, gather and analyze data; make decisions that protect life and property, maintain continuity of the government or corporation, within the scope of applicable laws; and disseminate those decisions to all concerned agencies and individuals. In most EOC's there is one individual in charge, and that is the Emergency Manager.

These centers, originally created as part of United States Civil Defense, can be found at all government levels, and in larger corporations that deal with large equipment. In corporations and smaller jurisdictions, the EOC may be co-located in the same room as the Emergency Communications Center, but they usually are separated by some distance.

The first most critical component of an EOC is the individuals who staff it. They must be properly trained, and have the proper authority to carry out actions that are necessary to respond to the disaster. They also must be capable of thinking outside the box, and creating a lot of "what if" scenarios.

The second most critical component of an EOC is its communications system. This can be from simple word of mouth, to sophisticated encrypted communications networks, but it must provide for a redundant path to ensure that both situational awareness information and strategic orders can pass into and out of the facility without interruption. For continuity of operations considerations, backbone components of the communications system are not normally located at the EOC

In the United States, the Federal Emergency Management Agency's, or FEMA's National Response Plan (NRP) for federal agencies provides a framework for lower level political subdivisions in the organization and operations of an EOC. This plan includes the National Incident Management System and the Emergency Support Functions.