Elections in the Netherlands

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The Netherlands
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Elections in the Netherlands are held for six territorial levels: the European Union (beyond the scope of this article), the state, the 12 Provinces, the (currently 27) water boards, the 467 Municipalities and in some cities (such as Amsterdam) for neighbourhood councils (stadsdeelraden). Apart from elections, referenda are also held occasionally, a fairly recent phenomenon in Dutch politics. The most recent national election results and an overview of the resulting seat assignments and coalitions since WWII are shown at the bottom of this page.

At the national level, legislature is invested in the States-General (Staten-Generaal), which is bicameral. The Second Chamber (Tweede Kamer) has 150 members, elected for a four year term by proportional representation. Elections are also called after dissolution of the Second Chamber. All elections are direct, except for the First Chamber (Eerste Kamer), which has 75 members, elected for a four year term through the provincial councillors on the basis of the proportional representation at the provincial elections.

The Netherlands has a multi-party system, with numerous parties in which usually no one party ever gets an absolute majority of votes (except occasionally in very small municipalities, such as in Reiderland), so several parties must cooperate to form a coalition government. This usually includes the biggest party, with only three exceptions since WWII, in 1971, 1977 and 1982, when the PvdA was the biggest party but did not partake in the coalition.

Candidates at the elections of the Second Chamber are chosen from party lists resulting in proportional representation. The threshold is 1/150th of the total number of valid votes. The way representatives are elected is subject to debate however, as the Minister for Government Reform has put forth ideas for a new voting system based on an additional member system.

During the municipal elections of 2006, elections were electronic throughout the country. As a result, results were known before the end of the day, a mere two hours after the closing of the poll stations. For the national elections in November of that same year, however, several polling stations decided to return to paper and red pencil because of security issues with the voting machines.

The most recent elections were the "Provinciale Staten" (provincial) elections at 7 March 2007 (see Dutch Eerste Kamer election 2007).

1 Timing
2 Eligibility
3 System
4 Election
5 Post-election
- 5.1 Seat assignment
- 5.2 Assigning people to seats
6 Latest national election
7 Latest municipal elections
8 Next elections
9 Election results and cabinets since WWII
10 See also
11 External links

The maximum parliamentary term is four years and elections are always held almost four years after the previous one, but usually in spring. This is because the most important day in the Dutch Parliament, Prinsjesdag, isn't harmed by campaigning, and there is a low chance of the elections being harmed by averse weather. An exception is made if there is severe conflict between the Tweede Kamer and cabinet or after a cabinet crisis.

Every Dutch citizen who has reached the age of 18 is eligible to vote (actief kiesrecht) or to get elected as member of the Tweede Kamer (passief kiesrecht). Notable exception is the municipal election, where persons younger than 18 can be elected, but may not take seat until their 18th birthday. Someone may be deprived of these rights if they are mentally incapable of making a reasoned choice or have lost their right to vote by court sentence. Two weeks before an election all voters receive a card, which is the evidence that one is a registered voter and must be handed over in order to vote. As of 1970, voting is not compulsory.

As described above the Second Chamber is elected using a system of open party lists, resulting in proportional representation.

For all elections, votings are organized per municipality. At every municipality, there are multiple voting stations, usually in communal buildings, such as churches, schools, and recently, stations. There are two different systems: using the calling card (oproepkaart) and voting pass (stempas, despite the name of paper form). With the oproepkaart, voters can only vote at the closest voting station, using their card, or if lost, their identification. With the stempas, users can vote at any station in the municipality, but need the stempas. If it is lost, it replacement can be requested, but only until a few days before the elections. A stempas (of different type) can also be requested to vote in a different municipality.

When arriving at a voting station, voters hand in their card or pass to one of the three attendants of the voting station, which checks the card, invalidates it and points the voter to the booth.

Voting is done in one of two ways: using a red pencil or a voting computer. In 2005, almost no municipalities planned to vote with the pencil anymore. However, as serious doubt was raised over the computers, both in being easy to manipulate, and being able to be electronically eavesdropped from a distance.^[1]^[2]. This led to a run on foreign voting computers and reintroduction of the red pencil in some municipalities in 2006, occasionally using converted medical waste disposal containers as voting boxes.

Polls close at 21.00 and votes are called immediately. For national elections, the first results usually come in five minutes after the polls are closed (from the municipalities with the least inhabitants, Schiermonnikoog and Renswoude). The final results are known around midnight and semi-officially announced the next morning, after which the 150 seats allocated. However, over the course of the days recounting might reveal some minor shifts in seating.

The electorate in the Netherlands during the last elections in 2003 was 12,076,711, of whom 80% voted, resulting in 9,666,602 votes (with 12,127 invalid votes). With 150 seats, that means a quota of 64,444, the so called Hare quota. Since the electoral threshold is equal to the quota, that is also the number of votes required to get one seat in the Tweede Kamer, basically meaning there is no threshold, except that a party has to meet the threshold to be eligible for residual seats. Blank votes are legal and count towards the threshold, invalid votes are not.

However, the way residual seats are assigned, by using the D'Hondt method, a highest averages method, means that smaller parties are unlikely to get one, while larger parties have a bigger chance of getting one and may even get more than one. Firstly, numbers of seats are always rounded down, meaning there are always residual seats and parties that didn't reach the quota don't get any seats (they don't take part in the following calculation). Next, the number of votes is divided by the assigned seats plus one. The party with the highest resulting number then gets one extra seat. Next, the process is repeated, with the party that got the extra seat participating again, albeit with a number one higher because they got an extra seat (the calculation stays the same for the other parties, which got no extra seat). But later on in the process, that party may get another extra seat. And since there are many parties in the Tweede Kamer, this is not unlikely to happen.

For example, in 2003 (see table below), the three biggest parties each got two of the six residual seats, even the VVD (150*0.179=26.85, but they got 28 seats, representing 18.7% of the seats in stead of 17.9%), whereas the Socialist Party got none (150*0.063 = 9.45, but they got only 9 seats, representing 6% of the seats in stead of 6.3%).

When the largest party gets over 35% of the votes and is considerably bigger than the next biggest party, that party may even get as much as 3 or even 4 residual seats. This has, however, never happened. The percentage of votes for the biggest party is usually around 30% and rarely goes far beyond that. The largest result ever was at the 1989 elections, when CDA got 35.3% of the votes. Even then, however, CDA only got two residual seats because next biggest party (PvdA) had 31.9% of the votes. The biggest difference between the first and second party was at the 2002 elections, the most dramatic elections in Dutch history, when especially PvdA lost many votes to LPF, which became second biggest after CDA with 17.0% of the votes. CDA, however, had only 27.9% of the votes and therefore still only got 2 residual seats.

Parties may, however, form an alliance (lijstencombinatie), in which case they participate in the above calculations as one party and get a bigger chance of gaining residual seats (or getting one in the first place). The division of those seats between those parties is, however, done in a different way, by using the largest remainder method, which favours the smaller parties rather than the bigger ones if there is a considerable difference in size. But the overall advantage is greatest for small parties of comparable size.

After seats are assigned to the parties, people have to be assigned to the seats. The Netherlands has 19 electoral districts, in each of them a party can use different lists. In theory, a party can place different candidates on each of the 19 different lists. However, it is usual that at least the candidate ranked first on the list is the same person throughout the country. It is even quite common that parties use the same list in every district, or vary only the last five candidates per district. Usually these five candidates are locally well known politicians, parties hope to attract extra votes with these candidates. However, because of their low position on the list, chances are low that these local candidates are elected.

The first step in the process of assigning people to the seats is calculating how many seats each of the different lists of a party gets, by adding the number of votes on each of the different lists together. If a party used the same list in more than one electoral district, these lists are seen as one list. Seat assignment to the different lists is done by using the largest remainder method.

The second step is calculating which candidate received on his or her own more votes than 25% of the electoral quota, by adding up all votes for a particular candidate on the different lists. These candidates are declared elected independent of the list order, and get one of the seats of the list where they received the most votes. If more candidates are elected on a list than the list received seats, the candidate with the lowest total number of votes is transferred to the list where he had his second best result.

As a third step, the remaining seats (if there are any) are assigned to the remaining candidates, based on their order on the list. When candidates are elected way on more than one list this way, the candidate gets the seat on the list where he or she received the most votes. This is continued until every seat is assigned. If one of these elected candidates later decides to leave parliament, then his seat is assigned to the next person on the list of the district he 'represents'.

An exception to the above exists in the form of lijstduwers ('list pushers'), famous people (former politicians, but also sports people) who are put on the candidate list but will not accept a seat when they get enough votes for one. During the municipal elections in 2006 professor Joop van Holsteyn criticised this practise, saying someone on a candidate list should also be a serious candidate. This view is shared by other politicologists, but less so by politicians, who say that lijstduwers are on the list not to get elected but to show that they support that party and that the fact that they are at the bottom of the list makes it obvious they are not intended to get a seat. Still, writer Ronald Giphart (1998) and skater Hilbert van der Duim (1994) got a city council seat, which Giphart refused to fill. Professor Rudy Andeweg says this is close to fraud because the law requires someone on the candidate list to declare in writing to be willing to fill a seat.

Only parties that got seats are listed, which is why the vote-percentage total is not 100.

[discuss] – [edit]
**Summary of the 22 November 2006 Netherlands Second Chamber election results**
Parties		Top candidate	Votes	Seats	Vote %	Seat %
	Christian Democratic Appeal (Christen-Democratisch Appèl, CDA)	Jan Peter Balkenende	2,608,573	41	26.5	27.3
	Labour Party (Partij van de Arbeid, PvdA)	Wouter Bos	2,085,077	33	21.2	21.3
	Socialist Party (Socialistische Partij, SP)	Jan Marijnissen	1,630,803	25	16.6	17.3
	People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie, VVD)	Mark Rutte	1,443,312	22	14.6	14.7
	Party for Freedom (Partij voor de Vrijheid, PVV)	Geert Wilders	579,490	9	5.9	6.0
	GreenLeft (GroenLinks, GL)	Femke Halsema	453,054	7	4.6	4.7
	ChristianUnion (ChristenUnie, CU)	André Rouvoet	390,969	6	4.0	4.0
	Democrats 66 (Democraten 66, D66)	Alexander Pechtold	193,232	3	2.0	2.0
	Party for the Animals (Partij voor de Dieren, PvdD)	Marianne Thieme	179,988	2	1.8	1.3
	Reformed Political Party (Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij, SGP)	Bas van der Vlies	153,266	2	1.6	1.3
	Other	–	100,919	–	1.0	–
Total			9,838,683	150	100.0	100.0
Turnout			9,854,998	–	80.4	–
Source: Uitslag van de Tweede Kamerverkiezing van 22 november 2006. Kiesraad.

The Senate is elected indirectly, by the provincial councillors (who are themselves chosen in direct elections). It is composed as follows:

[discuss] – [edit]
**Composition of the Netherlands First Chamber after the 2003 indirect elections**
Parties	Seats
Christian Democratic Appeal (Christen-Democratisch Appèl)	23
Labour Party (Partij van de Arbeid)	19
People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie)	15
Green Left (GroenLinks)	5
Socialist Party (Socialistische Partij)	4
Democrats 66 (Democraten 66)	3
Christian Union (ChristenUnie)	2
Political Reformed Party (Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij)	2
List Pim Fortuyn (Lijst Pim Fortuyn)	1
Independent Senate Group (Onafhankelijke Senaatsfractie)	1
Total	75

The 2006 Dutch municipal election saw a huge success for two of the left wing parties, PvdA and SP.

The next elections in the Netherlands are planned for (in chronological order):

First chamber (indirect elections): 29 May 2007
EU: 2009
Municipalities: 2010

The following tables show the national election results and cabinets in the Netherlands since WWII. Per table, only parties that ever got seats over that period are listed (the number of participating parties in Dutch national elections is usually around 20).

The numbers give the number of seats for each party. The total number of seats in parliament is 150, so a coalition needs at least 76 seats for a majority.

In each table, the parties are split in three groups; parties that have been in government, minor parties and extinct parties. Within each group, the parties are grouped roughly according to the scheme leftwing - christian - rightwing.

columns

Elections

Election years (linking to the relevant articles)

'seat change'; the number of seats that changed between parties. Numbers between brackets assume merging parties to be the same as the new party

Cabinet

The resulting cabinets (not necessarily in the same year)

Term

The duration of the term of that cabinet, in months

percentage of seats held by the government parties. (Note that the other numbers are seats, not percentages.)

cells

bold

party in cabinet (government)

not enough votes to get a seat in parliament

party didn't exist then or did not participate nationally

no elections

Party name abbreviations
GrL = GroenLinks (a merger of PPR, PSP, CPN and EVP)
ChU = ChristenUnie (a merger of RPF and GVP)

Elections	sc	Cabinet	Term (months)	%	PvdA	D66	ChU	CDA	VVD	LPF	SP	GrL	PvdD	SGP	PVV	CPN	PSP	PPR	EVP	DS70	RPF	GPV	BP	LN	AOV	U55	CP	CD
2006	30	Balkenende IV	?	53	33	3	6	41	22	-	25	7	2	2	9
-	-	Balkenende III⁽¹⁾	7	48	42	6	3	44	28	8	9	8		2
2003	24	Balkenende II	38	52	42	6	3	44	28	8	9	8		2
2002	(36)	Balkenende I	10	62	23	7	4	43	24	26	9	10		2							<< ChU			2
1998	25	Kok II	47	65	45	14		29	38		5	11		3							3	2
1994	34	Kok I	48	61	37	24		34	31		2	5		2							3	2			6	1		3
1989	(8)	Lubbers III	57	69	49	12		54	22		-	6		3		<< GrL					1	2						1
1986	17	Lubbers II	40	54	52	9		54	27		-			3		-	1	2	-		1	1					-	-
1982	15	Lubbers I	44	54	47	6		45	36		-			3		3	3	2	1	-	2	1					1
-	-	van Agt III⁽¹⁾	5	43	44	17		48	26		-			3		3	3	3		-	2	1
1981	14	van Agt II	8	73	44	17		48	26		-			3		3	3	3		-	2	1
1977	(19)	van Agt I	45	51	53	8		49	28		-			3		2	1	3		1	-	1	1

In 1977, KVP, ARP and CHU merged into CDA.

DS'70 split off from PvdA
KNP is former Lijst Welter, which split off from KVP in 1948, but returned to that party in 1955
PvdV is the forerunner of VVD

Elections	sc	Cabinet	Term (months)	%	PvdA	DS70	D66	PPR	KVP	ARP	CHU	VVD	CPN	PSP	SGP	GPV	RKPN	BP	NMP	KNP	PvdV
1972	20	den Uyl⁽²⁾	55	65	43	6	6	7	27	14	7	22	7	2	3	2	1	3	-
-	-	Biesheuvel II⁽¹⁾	9	49	39	8	11	2	35	13	10	16	6	2	3	2		1	2
1971	19	Biesheuvel I	13	55	39	8	11	2	35	13	10	16	6	2	3	2		1	2
1967	15	de Jong	51	57	37		7		42	15	12	17	5	4	3	1		7
-	-	Zijlstra⁽¹⁾	4	42	43				50	13	13	16	4	4	3	1		3
-	-	Cals	19	71	43				50	13	13	16	4	4	3	1		3
1963	9	Marijnen	21	61	43				50	13	13	16	4	4	3	1		3
1959	8	de Quay	50	50	48				49	14	12	19	3	2	3	-		-
-	-	Beel II⁽¹⁾	5	51	50				49	15	13	13	7		3	-
expansion from 100 to 150 seats			-	85	50				49	15	13	13	7		3	-
1956	7	Drees IV	26	85	34				33	10	8	9	4		2	-
1952	6	Drees III	49	81	30				30	12	9	9	6		2	-				2
-	-	Drees II	18	76	27				32	13	9	8	8		2	-				1
1948	(4)	Drees I	31	76	27				32	13	9	8	8		2	-				1
1946	?	Beel I	25	61	29				32	13	8		10		2						6
-	?	Schermerhorn - Drees⁽²⁾	13	(no elections - appointed by queen)
1940-1945: War cabinets without elections