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A domestic worker, domestic, or servant is one who works, and often also lives, within the employer's household. Servants are distinguishable from serfs or slaves in that they are compensated, that is, they must receive payment (and, following labour reforms in the 20th Century, benefits) for their work. They are also free to leave their employment at any time, although socio-economic conditions and laws relating to working in a foreign country may make that difficult.

In large households, there can be a large number of domestic workers doing different jobs, often as part of an elaborate hierarchy.

A butler is a senior domestic worker, whose duties traditionally included handling the wines of the household and some management of the other servants. Female domestic workers are often called maids.

Domestic workers perform typical domestic chores such as cooking, ironing, washing, cleaning the house, buying foods and drinks, accompanying the female head of the household for grocery shopping, taking the family dog for a walk, and taking care of the children. On many places in some countries, maids replace the role of a nurse in taking care of the elderly and people with disabilities. Maids often are expected to work at least fifteen hours per day.^{[citation needed]}

Contents 1 Pre-Modern age 2 Modern age 2.1 Europe and North America 2.2 In other nations 2.3 Workers from abroad 3 In uniform 4 Live-in domestic workers 5 Notable domestic workers 6 See also 7 External links

Domestic service, or the employment of people for wages in their employer's residence, is also sometimes simply called "service". It evolved into a hierarchical system in various countries at various times.

Prior to the labour reforms of the 20th century, servants had no protection in law. The only real advantage that service provided was the provision of meals and accommodation in addition to the modest wage. Also, service was an apprentice system; there was room for advancement through the ranks. However, it was also perilous, particularly for females, as there was no protection from unscrupulous employers or members of the family.

In Britain this system peaked towards the close of the Victorian Era, perhaps reaching its most complicated and rigidly structured state during the Edwardian period, which reflected the limited social mobility of the time. Today organizations such as Kalayaan support the growing number of migrant domestic workers.

Domestic service reached its height during the Edwardian and Victorian ages in Great Britain and the Gilded Age in the United States.

The emancipation of middle-class women in the late 20th century and their entry into the professional workforce meant that middle-class households were deprived of an important source of unpaid domestic labour. This has given rise to a sharp increase in the employment of cleaners and nannies. That said, the number of households employing full-time domestic service (other than for child care, which is typically done via day care rather than by a live-in nanny) has reduced greatly.

In other places, such as Latin America, India, Africa and mainland China, most domestic workers are from the same country in which they work. They may commute from home though they are usually "live-in" domestics, meaning they receive room and board as part of their salaries, sometimes they only receive room and board (see au pair). All these countries have very large differences in the income of urban and rural households, and between different socio-economic classes.

In Brazil, domestic workers must be hired under a registered contract and have most of the rights of any other workers, which includes a minimum wage, remunerated vacancies and a remunerated day-off per week. It is not uncommon, however, to hire servants without registering them. Since servants come almost always from the lower, uneducated classes, they are sometimes ignorant of their rights, especially in the rural zone. Nevertheless, it is not unusual that domestics employed without a proper contract sue their employers to get compensation from abuses.

Although there are some from mainland China who work in the United States and Europe as domestic staff, the vast majority of domestic workers in mainland China are from China's rural areas who are employed by urban families. Because of the large gap between urban and rural incomes, and the lack of employment opportunities in the countryside, even an ordinary middle class urban family can afford to employ a full time live-in servant.

Many countries and some industries, such as cruise lines, import domestic workers from abroad, usually poorer countries, through recruitment agencies and brokers because their own nationals are no longer obliged or inclined to work in underpaid, difficult or exploitive jobs. This includes most Middle Eastern countries, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia and Taiwan. For most of these countries, the number of domestic workers run into the hundreds of thousands. There are at least one million domestic workers in Saudi Arabia.

Major sources of domestic workers include the Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Ethiopia. Taiwan also imports domestic workers from Vietnam and Mongolia.

For various reasons, many employers require their domestic workers to wear a 'uniform' or other "domestic workers clothes" when being in their employers home. This is seldom the case in places such as Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong where small middle-class families usually hire only one worker.

The uniform is usually simple, and was even back in the 19th century and 20th century. Female servants would wear long, plain, dark-coloured dresses or a black skirt with white belt and a white blouse or shirt, and black shoes, and male servants and butlers would wear something from a simple suit, down to a white shirt, often with tie, and knickers.

Many domestic workers are live-in domestics. Some of them sleep in the kitchen, other in small rooms, sometimes located in the basement or attic, in the employer's home.

• Sarah Balabagan
• Paul Burrell
• Flor Contemplacion
• Paul Hogan
• Lillian Rogers Parks
• Rose Porteous
• Margaret Rogers

• Bathroom attendant
• Butler
• Chauffeur
• Cook
• Footman
• Household chore
• Housekeeper
• Maid
• Nanny
• Valet
• Great house
• Foreign domestic helpers in Hong Kong

• Isabella Beeton's The Book of Household Management, describing the titles and duties of all household servants, from butler to dairy-maid.
• An article about foreign maids in Singapore
• Proposed domestic worker bill of rights for New York State
• Domestic Workers United, a New York City domestic worker rights group
• Domestic Helpers International Listing
• United Domestic Workers of America, a domestic worker rights group
• Abuse of Domestic Workers in the Middle East
• A paper about domestic workers worldwide
• An exchange of replies between Singapore and Indonesian Embassy concerning Indonesian maids in Singapore
• Kalayaan support services in the UK for migrant domestic workers.
• The Diary of a Chambermaid, novel by Octave Mirbeau.