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Demonization is the reinterpretation of polytheistic deities as demons by other religions, generally monotheistic ones. Rather than denying the existence of the other religion's pantheon entirely, the proselytizer says instead that they are not truly gods but demons trying to deceive their followers. Demonization is most closely associated with Christian missionaries to pagans during the spread of Christianity, though Judaism, Islam, and other religions have had similar practices; for instance, some strains of Hinduism considered the Buddha an incarnation of Vishnu sent to deceive people.

The term has since been expanded to refer to general characterization of individuals, groups, or political bodies as evil.

The purpose of demonization is to facilitate oppressive actions against the demonized individual or group, ranging from ostracism to genocide. A common practice in early Judaism, founded on religious texts,^[1][2] was the demonization of rival deities.^[3] This would later transfer to Christianity and result in the persecution and suppression of pagan religions.^[4] Classic examples of this kind of religious demonization include Baphomet (thought by some to be a corruption of Mohammad) and Beelzebub. The allegation that the Knights Templar worshipped Baphomet may have been used because of the likeness of this horned deity with the Christian images of Satan^[5] and its supposed association with the founder of Islam^[6]. The language of demonization was invoked during the Spanish inquisition leading to the expulsion of Jews from Spain.^[7]

Demonizing an individual, group or culture generally involves a suspension of the normal considerations of humane behaviour and respect. Given that the subjects of demonization are portrayed as evil and/or subhuman beyond any dispute, then any means of self-defense is considered legitimate, in proportion to the threat represented.

One purpose of the demonization of individuals - as opposed to groups - is to divert attention from their arguments, and discredit them personally by ad hominem attacks. Alleging that they are fascists, communists, racists, religious fanatics or some other despised category of individuals is particularly effective not only in undermining individuals with controversial views, but in isolating them from public support.

Many religions, including Islam, Judaism, and Christianity have been demonized, both by elements within their religions and outside. At the extreme, demonizing religion has led to religious violence and wars.

Many pagans and gnostics, as well as indigenous people around the world identify demonization as the historical basis for the oppression of their spiritual beliefs, as well. Whereas the original Hebrew scriptures taught that "the Gods of the gentiles are nothing", the Greek Septuagint translation of that same passage, used by the early Christian Church, asserted that "all the Gods of the heathens are devils".^[4]

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• Dissociation and depersonalization
• Theory of the two demons
• Demons