Conventional Egyptian chronology

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For a general discussion, see Egyptian chronology. For a similar list, see List of Pharaohs.

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This is a Conventional Egyptian chronology.

This conventional chronology of the rulers of ancient Egypt, taking into account well accepted developments during the 20th century but not including any of the major revision proposals that have also been made in that time. Even within a single work, often archeologists will offer several possible dates or even several whole chronologies as possibilities. Consequently, there may be discrepancies between dates shown here and in articles on particular rulers. Often there are also several possible spellings of the names. All dates are in the chronology are BC.

  • Predynastic Egypt is from Late Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt.
  • The dates of Dynasties 1 to 10 are from Baines and Malek, Atlas of Ancient Egypt (Oxford, 1980).
  • The dates of Dynasties 11 to 20 are from Kitchen, "The Basics of Egyptian Chronology in Relation to the Bronze Age", in Astrom (ed) High, Middle or Low (Gothengurg, 1987), taking his low chronology.
  • Ken Kitchen uses textual artifacts such as the form and sequence of the blessings and curses used to bind contracts, the price of slaves as mentioned in everything from cuneiform texts to the Bible in context with the political and cultural interactions of the Ancient Near East to get a range or spread of about a century plus or minus for his chronologies.
  • The dates of Dynasties 21 to 26 are from Kitchen, Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (1973, Warminster).
(Ed., This information has been supplemented from The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, edited by Ian Shaw (Oxford, 2000), and Digital Egypt for Universities, which was developed by The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology.)
Note
There is a 60 year discrepancy between the dates proposed by these two authors. There is no attempt to remove this discrepancy in the combined chronology presented below.

This is a “Conventional Chronology” as discussed by David Rohl in A Test of Time (1995, Century). Though David Rohl bases his chronology on a number of conjectures which remain controversial such as there being more than one coterminous Dynasty in certain periods of Egyptian history and his spread or range of disagreement with other sources is close to three centuries in places, his theories have served to show how flimsy the substantive parts of Egyptian chronology actually are in places.

See also
Egyptian chronology, Pharaoh, Chronology of the Ancient Near East

Protodynastic
Name Dates
Scorpion I c.3200 BC
Double Falcon c.3200 BC
Ny-Hor c.3200 BC
Hat-Hor c.3200 BC
Pe-Hor c.3200 BC
Hedj-Hor c.3200 BC
Iry-Hor c.3150 BC
Ka c.3100 BC
Crocodile c.3100 BC
King Scorpion c.3100 BC
Narmer c.3100 BC

First Dynasty
Name Dates
Menes ?
Hor-Aha c.3040 BC – 3020 BC
Djer c.3020 BC – 2970 BC
Djet (Wadji) c.2970 BC – 2960 BC
Merneith (Merytneit) ?
Den (Udimu) c.2960 BC – 2915 BC
Anedjib c.2915 BC – 2905 BC
Semerkhet c.2905 BC – 2890 BC
Qa'a c.2890 BC – 2860 BC

Second Dynasty
Name Dates
Hotepsekhemwy c.2860 BC – 2837 BC
Raneb c.2837 BC – 2827 BC
Ninetjer c.2827 BC – 2783 BC
Wneg c.2783 BC – 2780 BC
Senedj c.2780 BC – 2770 BC
Sneferka c.2770 BC – 2762 BC
Neferkare I Uncertain
Neferkasokar c.2762 BC – 2754 BC
Hudjefa Uncertain
Sekhemib-Perenmaat c.2780 BC – 2754 BC
Seth-Peribsen Uncertain
Ba Uncertain
Khasekhemwy c.2754 BC – 2727 BC

In the kinglist summaries from the third century BC historian Manetho, this is a group of 70 kings ruling 70 days: there is no evidence for this - it may be a later literary metaphor for chaos at the end of the Sixth Dynasty, chaos for which there is also no direct contemporary evidence. Budge, in The Nile (Thos. Cook and Sons, Egypt, 1902) lists VII, VIII, from Memphis IX and X from Herakleopolis together giving the cartouches. Baines and Ma'lik give the dates 7th/8th.

(Dates from Baines and Ma'lek)

In Dynasty 11 from Thebes the Antefs first appear.
Control of Egypt shifts from the Delta to Thebes and Red Sea connections to Nub.
  • Erpa Antef (Erpa = hereditary prince)
  • hrw (mn?)|
  • hrw (Antef)|
  • hrw (Antef)|
  • hrw (?)|
  • Neter nefer (Antef)|
  • nswbt Sa Ra Antef
  • nswbt (Sa ra An naa)|
  • nswbt (Nub xepher Ra)| sa ra (Antwf)|
  • nswbt (kau ra)|
  • nswbt (Aba hrw ipw apu Ma3t)| sa ra (Antuf)| supporter of Horus the messenger who loves truth
  • nswbt (Aba rnpt ipwt Ma3t)| sa ra (Antfa)| youth of the messenger of truth son of the sun Antefa
  • nswbt se nfr ra
  • nswbt wsr s n ra
  • nswbt neb nem Ra
  • nswbt sa ra (mntu htp)|Montuhotep II (Nebhepetre) 2007-1986 (Ruled Lower Egypt.)
  • nswbt (saRa mnt htp)|Montuhotep II (Nebhepetre) 1986-1956 (United Upper and Lower Egypt.)
  • nswbt (neb htp ra)| sa ra (mnt htp)|Montuhotep III (Sankhkare) 1956-1944
  • nswbt (neb t3w)| sa ra (mnt htp)| Montuhotep IV (Nebtawyre) 1944-1937
  • nswbt (neb xeru)| sa ra (mnt htp)|
  • nswbt (s ankh ka ra)|

(Dates from Baines and Ma'lek cartouches from Budge)

  • nswbt (shtp ab ra)| sa ra (amn m ht)|Amenemhat I (Sehetepibre) 1937-1908 (1991-1962)
  • nswbt (hpr ka ra)| sa ra (wsr srt sn)| Senuseret I (Kheperkare) 1917-1872 (1971-1926)
  • nswbt (nub kau ra)| sa ra (wsr srt sn)|Amenemhat II (Nubkaure) 1875-1840 (1929-1892)
  • nswbt ( )| ( )| Senuseret II (Khakheperre) 1842-1836 (1897-1878)
  • nswbt ( )| ( )| Senuseret III (Khakaure) 1836-1817 (1878-1841)
  • nswbt (ma3t mht3 n ra)|sa ra(amn m ht)| Amenemhat III (Nimaartre) 1817-1772 (1844-1797)
  • nswbt (ma3t mht3 n ra)|sa ra(amn m ht)| Amenemhat IV (Maakherure) 1772-1763 (1799-1783)
  • nswbt (sebek nfru ra)| Neferusobek (Sobekkare) 1763-1759 (1787-1783)

21 kings for about 63 years then

Then 6 more kings for about 20 years

About 76 minor kings of the Delta, contemporary with the second half of the 13th dynasty.

32 minor kings contemporary with the 15th and 17th dynasties.

About 15 kings in all, contemporary with the 15th dynasty, the last three being

Eighteenth Dynasty
Name Dates
Ahmose I (Nebpehtyre) 1550 BC – 1525 BC
Amenhotep I (Djeserkare) 1525 BC – 1504 BC
Thutmose I (Akheperkare) 1504 BC – 1492 BC
Thutmose II Akheperenre) 1492 BC – 1479 BC
Thutmose III (Menkheperre) 1479 BC – 1425 BC
Hatshepsut (Maatkare) 1479 BC – 1457 BC
Amenhotep II (Akheperure) 1427 BC – 1401 BC
Thutmose IV (Menkheperure) 1401 BC – 1391 BC
Amenhotep III (Nebmaatre) 1391 BC – 1353 BC
Akhenaten (Neferkheperure-waenre) 1353 BC – 1334 BC
Smenkhkare (Ankhkheperure) 1336 BC – 1334 BC
Tutankhamun (Nebkheperure) 1334 BC – 1325 BC
Kheperkheprure Ay 1325 BC – 1321 BC
Horemheb (Djeserkheperure) 1321 BC – 1292 BC

Nineteenth Dynasty
Name Dates
Ramesses I 1292 - 1290
Seti I 1290 - 1279
Ramesses II (the "Great") 1279 - 1213
Merneptah 1213 - 1203
Amenmesse 1203 - 1199
Seti II 1199 - 1193
Siptah 1193 - 1187
Twosret 1187 - 1185

Twentieth Dynasty
Name Dates
Setnakhte 1186 BC – 1183 BC
Ramesses III 1183 BC – 1152 BC
Ramesses IV 1152 BC – 1146 BC
Ramesses V 1146 BC – 1142 BC
Ramesses VI 1142 BC – 1134 BC
Ramesses VII 1134 BC – 1126 BC
Ramesses VIII 1129 BC – 1125 BC
Ramesses IX 1125 BC – 1107 BC
Ramesses X 1107 BC – 1103 BC
Ramesses XI 1103 BC – 1072/1069 BC

Twenty-Fourth Dynasty
Name Dates
Tefnakhte I Unknown
Bakenranef (Bocchoris) 725 - 720 BC

Twenty-Fifth Dynasty
Name Dates
Alara 780-760
Kashta –
Piye c. 752 BC – 721 BC
Shabaka 721 BC – 707 BC
Shebitku 707 BC – 690 BC
Taharqa 690 – 664 BC
Tantamani 664 – 656 BC (died 653 BC)

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