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Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women | |||
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| Opened for signature | 18 December 1979 in New York City | ||
| Entered into force | 3 September 1981 | ||
| Conditions for entry into force | 20 ratifications | ||
| Parties | 185[1] | ||
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) is an international convention adopted in 1979 by the United Nations General Assembly. Described as an international bill of rights for women, it came into force on 3 September 1981. The United States is the only developed nation that has not ratified the CEDAW.
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The Convention defines discrimination against women in the following terms:
Any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field.
It also establishes an agenda of action for putting an end to sex-based discrimination: States ratifying the Convention are required to enshrine male/female equality into their domestic legislation, repeal all discriminatory provisions in their laws, and enact new provisions to guard against discrimination against women. They must also establish tribunals and public institutions to guarantee women effective protection against discrimination, and take steps to eliminate all forms of discrimination practiced against women by individuals, organizations, and enterprises.
In 2007,after much pressure from women's organizations such as the National Alliance of Taiwan Women's Associations, Taiwan's Legislative Yuan ratified the stipulations of CEDAW into its own domestic policy. It is still awaiting CEDAW's approval of its ratification.[2]
Convention oversight is the task of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, which is made up of 23 experts on women's issues from different UN member states. The Committee meets twice a year to review reports on compliance with the Convention's provisions that the signatory nations are required to submit every four years.
The committee is one of the seven UN-linked human rights treaty bodies.
The Committee's members, described as "experts of high moral standing and competence in the field covered by the Convention", are elected to serve four-year terms in staggered elections held every two years. Its officers are a chairperson, three vice-chairpersons, and a rapporteur. Efforts are made to ensure balanced geographical representation and the inclusion of the world's different forms of civilization and legal systems.
As of January 2007, the members are:
Dubravka Šimonović, Chair
Naela Mohamed Gabr, Vice-Chair
Françoise Gaspard, Vice-Chair
Glenda P. Simms, Vice-Chair
Mary Shanthi Dairiam, Rapporteur
Ferdous Ara Begum
Magalys Arocha Dominguez
Saisuree Chutikul
Meriem Belmihoub-Zerdani
Dorcas Coker-Appiah
Cornelis Flinterman
Ruth Halperin-Kaddari
Tiziana Maiolo
Violeta Neubauer
Pramila Patten
Silvia Pimentel
Fumiko Saiga
Hanna Beate Schöpp-Schilling
Heisoo Shin
Anamah Tan
Maria Regina Tavares da Silva
Zou Xiaoqiao
In 1999, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Optional Protocol of CEDAW. The Protocol includes a procedure through which individual women or groups can denounce national violations of CEDAW directly to CEDAW’s committee of experts. As of December 2007, 90 states are party to the Protocol.[3]
The CEDAW has been controversial for statements seen by some as promoting radical feminism. Particularly referenced is a 2000 report which said that in Belarus, "the Committee is concerned by the continuing prevalence of sex-role stereotypes and by the reintroduction of such symbols as a Mothers' Day and a Mothers' Award, which it sees as encouraging women's traditional roles."[4] Also in 2000, a report on Austria linked privatization with "right-wing extremism" [5] and suggested that the government use "federal funding for political parties as an incentive for the increased representation of women in Parliament" and "integrate gender studies and feminist research in university curricula and research programmes" [6]. Other controversial positions of CEDAW include supporting the decriminalization of prostitution, criticizing Slovenia because only 30% of children are in daycare, demanding equal treatment for work of "equal value", and a treaty requirement that nations "embody the principle of the equality of men and women in their national constitution or other appropriate legislation." These requests are seen by Concerned Women for America and other anti-feminist and Christian Right groups as a backdoor to an Equal Rights Amendment or comparable national legislation.[7] Australian and (defunct) New Zealand anti-feminist groups voiced similar concerns in the early eighties.
More recently, the controversy concerning CEDAW has centered around the question of easy access to abortion and contraception. According to C-FAM (the Catholic Family and Human Rights Institute), at UN meetings officials pressed the delegation from Colombia to liberalize its abortion laws and to inaugurate campaigns encouraging contraceptive use and "reproductive health awareness".
Many Islamic countries view the CEDAW as culturally biased towards the Western nations and have consequently placed reservations on the elements that they see as in fundamental contradiction with Islamic Sharia law.
The seven UN member states that have not signed the convention are Iran, Nauru, Palau, Qatar, Somalia, Sudan, and Tonga. These are either Islamic states (Iran, Qatar, Somalia, Sudan) or small Pacific Island nations (Nauru, Palau, Tonga). Niue and the Vatican City have also not signed it. The United States has signed, but not yet ratified.
- ^ http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/states.htm
- ^ Government Information Office, Republic of China (Taiwan). "Taiwan Aims to Sign Up Against Discrimination." September 8, 2006.
- ^ http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/protocol/sigop.htm
- ^ http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/reports/a5538.pdf
- ^ http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/23sess.htm
- ^ http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw23/Austria%20as%20adopted.html
- ^ http://www.cwfa.org/articledisplay.asp?id=1971
