From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Constitutional democracy is a form of democratic government in which a separation of powers is used to constitutionally establish a system of checks and balances in order to reduce risk of corruption. Constitutional democracy is based on a hierarchy of laws. The supreme form of law is the Constitution, to which all other laws passed by Parliament must conform. Parliamentary democracy, on the other hand, is based on the idea that Parliament is supreme, or sovereign in the law-making process.

Contents 1 History 2 Modern Democracies 3 List of countries with a constitutional democracy 4 See also 5 External links

In ancient times, India, Greece, and Rome had governments similar to constitutional democracies. In the Middle Ages, much of Europe was ruled by monarchies. The form of government grew again in the United States following the signing of the Constitution in 1789. The government was divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.

Since the ancient democracies of Greece and Rome did not have universal suffrage they are often regarded as the pre-cursor to modern democracies, rather than being democracies in the modern sense.

Unlike the first genuine democracy in Greece, decisions in a constitutional democracy are not made by the demos or people directly but by their elected representatives. In many countries, such as the United Kingdom, referenda, the only means for a truly democratic decision, are non-binding.

A constitutional democracy is best regarded as one whereby the demos has some say in the government (such as by elections every 4 or 5 years) but does not control the government directly. However, by its very nature such a system of government inevitably makes it difficult for rulers to oppose significant public opinion - as they face losing any subsequent election. The powers of the government are limited by the constitution, in which minority rights, political equality and freedom of choice are supposed to be respected.

Constitutional democracies are commonly organized into the unitary, federal or confederate systems. In a unitary system, central government has most power, which it may allocate to the lower levels of government. In a federal system, law-making power is allocated between the central authority and the constituent units. In a confederation, a league of independent states, which retain full sovereignty, agrees to allow a central authority to perform certain functions, but the central government may not make laws applicable to individuals without the approval of the member states.

• Argentina
• Austria
• Brazil
• Canada
• Chile
• Finland
• France
• Germany since 24 May 1949 for West Germany, since 3 October 1990 for the unified Germany
• Ghana
• Greece
• Hungary
• India
• Indonesia
• Ireland
• Israel
• Italy
• Mexico
• Panama
• Poland since 3 May 1791
• Portugal
• Sierra Leone
• South Africa
• Suriname
• Turkey
• United States of America since 4 March 1789

• Constitutional monarchy
• Constitution
• Democracy (varieties)
• Federal republic
• Jeffersonian democracy
• Jacksonian democracy
• Republic
• Populist Party of America

• CIA World Factbook
• Populist Party Political Party in the United States advocating a change of government to Constitutional Democracy