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Combat reenactment is a side of historical reenactment which aims to depict historical forms of combat. This may refer to either single combat, melees involving small grous, or full-scale battles with hundreds of participants.

Depending on the intended effect, performances may have the aim of presenting historical martial arts reconstruction, or just offer entertainment in a "renaissance fair" context. The latter case does not qualify as "reenactment" in the strict sense and tends to serve clichés of swashbuckling held by the public (notably due to cinematic fencing) as opposed to dispelling them.

Contents 1 Historical martial arts demonstrations 1.1 Competitions 2 Joust 3 Battle reenactment 3.1 Combat rules 4 Equipment 5 Societies 6 References 7 See also

Main articles: historical fencing and staged fight

Demonstration of historical fencing begins with Alfred Hutton in the 1890s.

The Association for Renaissance Martial Arts distinguishes the following modes of historical martial arts demonstrations:

• Theatrical Fencing (stage-combat, performance fighting) in the sense of a performance art, not a martial art, although relying on a foundation of martial techniques and principles, serving the end of dramatic entertainment.
• Arranged Performance Fighting, as distinct from both theatrical fencing and historical swordsmanship practiced as a martial art, having the purpose of demonstration and education. Such performances are offered by a number of museums, including the Higgins Armory Museum, Worcester, MA, USA [1] and the Royal Armouries, Leeds, UK[2].
• Mock-Fighting & Martial Sports, including simulated battle presentations and tournament bouts in living history or live-action role-playing games with special "combat rules".

In the 2000s, several competition events for choreographed historical martial arts demonstrations were originated, combining the judgement of aspects of historical fencing techniques, stage combat qualities like acting and entertainment value, as well as historical accuracy of costumes and equipment.

• Furor et Ferrum Pavone Canavese, Italy (since 2004)
• Stage Warriors Osterburken, Germany (since 2004)
• International German Championship in Stage Fencing Berlin, Germany (since 2006, includes a category "Antiquity to Middle Ages")

Main article: Joust

Today, tent pegging is the only form of jousting officially recognized by the International Federation for Equestrian Sports. Ring jousting is the official state sport of Maryland, and was the first official sport of any American state.^[1] The Italian town of Arezzo continues to hold an annual jousting tournament, which dates to the Crusades.^[2]. Modern theatrical medieval-style jousting competitions are are popular at American Renaissance fairs and similar festivals, and feature riders on horseback attempting various feats of skill with the lance, which may not always have a basis in history.^[3]

Reenactment of battles is a major and popular component of historical reenactment.

Due to the number of participants involved, most reenacted battles cannot be choreographed in any detail, and safety guidelines or "combat rules" are imposed on participants instead, prohibiting most realistic actions. Some reenactment battles take the form of a competition, where the two "armies" try to defeat each other within the actions permitted by the combat rules.

Battles in film are not inhibited by such restrictions, due to the possibilities of cutting and closeup. They are fully choreographed, and are not performed in a single go but divided into individual sequences.

Notable battle reenactments:

Further information: List of historical reenactment events

• Battle of Hastings reenactment, Hastings 2006
• English Civil War reenactment
• American Civil War reenactment
• Battle of Waterloo reenactment

• Codex Belli
• Early Medieval Alliance [3]

Further information: list of sword manufacturers

Since the 1990s, an increasing number of companies offers replicas of historical arms and armour. Blade weapons used for combat reenactment are unsharpened, and specialized sparring weapons[4] also have rounded points. Blunt, flail and staff weapons are more problematic since the replica essentially has the same effectiveness as the "serious" version, unless rattan or latex weapons are employed, which in turn lack the characteristics of the originals and induce handling techniques inconsistent with the weapons they are supposed to represent.

Further information: List of historical reenactment groups

• Early Medieval Alliance
• The English Civil War Society
• Medieval Combat Society
• Vikings! Of Middle England
• Zeit der Schwerter
• Magisterium (fencing)

• Historical Fencing Studies – the British Legacy by John Clements
• Defining Historical Fencing (thearma.org)

• Historical martial arts reconstruction
• Staged fight
• reenactment
• living history
• The Battle of Shaker Heights