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Chechen language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Chechen language is spoken by more than 1.3 million people, mostly in Chechnya and by Chechen people elsewhere.
| Chechen Нохчийн мотт Noxçiyn mott |
||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Chechnya | |
| Region: | republic of Chechnya | |
| Total speakers: | 1,330,000 (Russian Census (2002), self-reported speakers) | |
| Language family: | Caucasian (geographical convention) North (disputed) Northeast Nakh Veinakh (Chechen-Ingush) Chechen |
|
| Official status | ||
| Official language of: | Chechnya | |
| Regulated by: | no official regulation | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | ce | |
| ISO 639-2: | che | |
| ISO 639-3: | che | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key. | ||
Contents |
The Chechen language (Нохчийн мотт / Noxçiyn mott) is one of the languages of the Caucasus. Linguistically, it is a member of the Nakh family, together with Ingush and Bats; they all belong to the Northeast Caucasian languages with only Ingush and Chechen being mutually intelligible.
According to the Russian Census in October 2002, 1,330,000 people reported being able to speak Chechen.
Ethnologue estimates the total number worldwide as about 955,000, based on 945,000 speakers in Russia (as per 1989 census), and the estimated speaker count in the Chechen diaspora in the Middle East countries, especially Jordan.[1]
Chechen is an official language of Chechnya.
There are a number of Chechen dialects:
- Ploskost
- Itumkala (Shatoi)
- Melkhin
- Kistin
- Cheberloi
- Akkin (Aux)
Some characteristics of Chechen include its wealth of consonants and sounds similar to Arabic or Native American languages, a large vowel system resembling Swedish or German, four grammatical genders, and a complex phrase structure.
The Chechen language has (like most indigenous languages of the Caucasus) a large number of consonants: about 31 (depending on the dialect and the analysis), more than for most languages of Europe. Unlike most other languages of the Caucasus, it also has an extensive inventory of vowels and diphthongs: about 27 (depending on dialect and analysis), similar in number and phonetics to the vowel systems of the Scandinavian languages, German, and Finnish. None of the spelling systems used for Chechen so far have distinguished the vowels with complete accuracy.
Chechen nouns belong to one of several genders or classes (6), each with a specific prefix with which the verb agrees, there is extensive case marking and postpositions. The verb agrees with class/gender but not with person number, having only tense forms and participles. Chechen is an ergative language, thus the verb agrees with either its direct object or with its intransitive subject.
Chechen also presents interesting challenges for lexicography, as creating new words in the language relies on fixation of whole phrases rather than adding to the end of existing words or combining existing words. It can be difficult to decide which phrases belong in the dictionary.
There are borrowings from Russian, Turkic languages (mostly from Kumyk), Arabic, as well as some from Persian, and Georgian.
The Chechen literary language was created after the October Revolution, and the Latin alphabet began to be used instead of Arabic for Chechen writing in the mid-1920s. In 1938, the Cyrillic alphabet was adopted. With the declaration of the Chechen republic in 1992, some Chechen speakers returned to the Latin alphabet. The Chechen diaspora in Jordan, Turkey and Syria is fluent but generally not literate in Chechen except for individuals who have made efforts to learn the writing system, and of course the Cyrillic alphabet is not generally known in these countries.
