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Buyid Dynasty

The Buyids, also known as Buwayhids (Arabic: البويهي), Buwaihids, Buyyids, or Āl-i Būya (Persian: آل بویه), was a Shi'a dynastic confederation of Persia from Daylaman, a region in northern Iran, on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea.

In pre-Islamic times they had served as mercenaries for the Sasanian kings of Iran, but were independent from their rule.^{[citation needed]} They were considered a formidable military force, especially because of their ability as foot soldiers. Succession of power was hereditary, with fathers dividing their land among their sons. During the time of Harun al-Rashid, the Alid people sought refuge among them.

The Vakeel Bazaar of Shiraz was originally built during the Buyid era, possibly during the rule of Adud al-Dowleh.

The start of the Buwayhid confederation was led by Ali b. Buya and his two younger brothers, al-Hasan and Ahmad. After having secured a partnership with an important Persian landowner named Zayd b. Ali al-Nawbandajani, Ali was able to recruit an army to defeat a Turkish general from Baghdad named Yaqut (General) in 934. After that they established power within the crumbling Abbasid empire in the form of a confederation rather than a new empire. The Buwayhids were Persian culture revivalists. While accepting the titular authority of the caliph in Baghdad, Buwayhid rulers assumed control as the "Grand Vizier". In fact, they used the ancient Sassanid title Shâhanshâh (شاهنشاه), literally king of kings.^[1]

During the 900s, Buwayhid dynasties took power in Fars (southwestern Iran, 934-1062); Rayy (977-1029); Jibal (932-1028); Kerman (936-1048). From 945-1055, a Buwayhid dynasty ruled Baghdad and most of Iraq.

During the mid-1000s, the Buwayhid dynasties all fell to the Seljuq dynasty or their allies.

Generally, the three most powerful Buwayhid amirs at any given time were those in control of Fars, Jibal and Iraq. Sometimes a ruler would come to rule more than one region, but no Buwayhid amir ever exercised direct control of all three regions.

Buyid era art: Painted, incised, and glazed earthenware. Dated 10th century, Iran. New York Metropolitan Museum of Art.

Daylamids of Fars

• 'Imad ad-Dawla 934-949
• 'Adud ad-Dawla 949-983
• Sharaf ad-Dawla 983-989
• Samsam ad-Dawla 989-998
• Baha' ad-Dawla 998-1012
• Sultan ad-Dawla 1012-1024
• 'Imad ad-Dawla Abu Kalijar 1024-1048
• Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun 1048-1055

To the Seljuks.

Daylamids of Rey

• Rukn ad-Dawla 935-976
• Fakhr ad-Dawla 976-980
• Mu'ayyed ad-Dawla 980-983
• Fakhr ad-Dawla (restored) 984-997
• Majd ad-Dawla 997-1029

To the Ghaznavids.

Daylamids of Iraq

• Mu'izz ad-Dawla 945-967
• 'Izz ad-Dawla 966-978
• 'Adud ad-Dawla 978-983
• Samsam ad-Dawla 983-987
• Sharaf ad-Dawla 987-989
• Baha' ad-Dawla 989-1012
• Sultan ad-Dawla 1012-1021
• Musharrif ad-Dawla 1021-1025
• Jalal ad-Dawla 1025-1044
• Abu Kalijar 1044-1048
• al-Malik ar-Rahim 1048-1055

To the Seljuks.

It was not uncommon for younger sons to found collateral lines, or for individual Buwayhid members to take control of a province and begin ruling there. Note: the following list is incomplete.

Buwayhids of Basra

• Diya' al-Daula 980s

To the Buwayhids of Fars.

Buwayhids of Hamadan

• Mu'ayyad al-Daula 976-983
• Shams al-Daula 997-1021
• Sama' al-Daula 1021-1024

To the Kakuyids.

Buwayhids of Kerman

• Qawam al-Daula 1012-1028

To the Buwayhids of Fars.

Buwayhids of Khuzistan

• Taj al-Daula 980s

To the Buwayhids of Fars.

1. ^ See:
   • Patrick Clawson. Eternal Iran. Palgrave Macmillan. 2005. ISBN 1-4039-6276-6 p. 19
   • The most thorough treatment of the Buyids is: The Buwayhid Dynasty of Baghdad by Mafizullah Kabir. Calcutta. Iran Society. 1964

Another excellent discussion of the Buyids is Harvard professor Roy Mottahedeh's Loyalty and Leadership in an Early Islamic Society

• Full list of Iranian Kingdoms

• Encyclopedia Iranica: DEYLAMITES