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Average Joe
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The term Average Joe, Average Jane or Average Joe-Schmoe is used in the United States to refer to the average American. Today statistics by the United States Department of Commerce provide information regarding the societal attributes of those who may be referred to as being "Average." While with some individual attributes are easily identified as being average, such as the median income, other characteristics, such as family arrangements may not be identified as being average. In 2000 for example no single household arrangement constituted more than 30% of total households. Married couples with no children were the most common constituting 28.7% of households. It would nonetheless be inaccurate to state that the average American lives in a childless couple arrangement as 70.3% do not.[1]Other "average" characteristics are easier to identify. In terms of social class, the average American may be described as either being middle[2] or working class.[3][4] Overall the average American, age 25 or older, made roughly $32,000 per year,[5] does not have a college degree, has been, is, or will marry as well as divorce at least once during his or her lifetime, lives in his or her own home in a suburban setting and holds a white collar office job.[6]
Television characters such as Doug Heffernan from the show King of Queens may be referred to as "the Average Joe"[7] Other televisions shows depicting the lives of "Average Joes" include All in the family and The Simpsons.
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As the United States is a highly diverse nation, it should not be surprising that there is no single prevalent household arrangement. While the "nuclear family" consisting of a married couple with their own children is often seen as the average American family, such households constitute less than a quarter of all households.[1][8] Married couples without children are currently the plurality constituting 28.7% of households, compared to 24.1% for nuclear families. Another 25.5% of households consisted of single persons residing alone. Recent trends have shown the numbers of nuclear families as well as childless married couples decrease. In 1970, 40.3% of US households consisted of nuclear families with childless couples making up 30.3% of households and 10.6% of households being arranged in "Other family types." By 2000 the percentage of nuclear families had decreased by 40%, while the number of other family types had increased by 51%. The percentage of single households has also steadily increased. In 1970, only 17% of households consisted of singles. In 2000 that figure had increased by 50% with singles constituting 25.5% of households. The most drastic increase was among the percentage of households made up of single males, which nearly doubled from 5.6% in 1970 to 10.7% in 2000.[1] Today, one can no longer refer to the nuclear family as the average American household, neither can one identify the current plurality of married couples without children as "the average." Recent statistics indeed indicate that there is no average American family arrangement, but that American society is home to a wide and diverse variety of family arrangements. The one things the data does indicate is that the average joe most likely does not reside in a nuclear 4-person family.[8][1]
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"The nuclear family... is the idealized version of what most people think when they think of "family..." The old definition of what a family is... the nuclear family- no longer seems adequate to cover the wide diversity of household arrangements we see today, according to many social scientists (Edwards 1991; Stacey 1996). Thus has arisen the term postmodern family, which is meant to describe the great variability in family forms, including single-parent families and child-free couples."- Brian K. Williams, Stacey C. Sawyer, Carl M. Wahlstrom, Marriages, Families & Intimate Relationships, 2005.[1] |
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A statement that can be made, however, is that most Americans will marry at least once in their life time with first marriage most commonly ending in divorce. Today a little over half, 52.3% of US household include a married couple, showing a significant decrease since 1970 when 70.6% of households included a married couple.[1] Current trends indicate that people in the US are marrying later and less often with higher divorce rates. Despite the declining prevalence of marriage more than three quarters of Americans will marry at least once in their life time. The average age for marriage for a male was 26.8 and 25.1 for a female. Americans are also likely to re-marry after their first divorce. In 1990, 40% of all marriages are remarriages. Overall one can conclude that while there is no prevalent average household arrangement, most Americans (the Average Joe) will get married and divorced once with a considerable number of American re-marrying at least once.[8]
| Year | Families (69.7%) | Non-families (31.2%) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Married couples (52.5%) | Single Parents | Other blood relatives | Singles (25.5%) | Other non-family | |||
| Nuclear family | Without children | Male | Female | ||||
| 2000 | 24.1% | 28.7% | 9.9% | 7% | 10.7% | 14.8% | 5.7% |
| 1970 | 40.3% | 30.3% | 5.2% | 5.5% | 5.6% | 11.5% | 1.7% |
Income in the United States is most commonly measured either by individual or household. In 2005 the median personal income, the amount earned by the Average Joe or Average Jane, is largely determined by who is or who is not included in the statistics. Personal income statistics are given in accordance to a variety of demographic characteristics. The median income for all 233 million persons over the age of 15 was $28,567.[9] By only including those above age 25, the vast majority of students and all working adolescents are excluded. The median income for the people above the age 25 was $32,140 in 2005. Of those with incomes, over the age of 25, almost three quarters, 73.31%, the median income was clocked at $39,336 in 2005.[5] This figure excludes those employed part-time, students, working teenagers, retires and the unemployed. Depending on whether or not those working part-time are included, the average American makes between $32,000 and $39,000.[5][9]
In 2005, 42% of all households and 76% of households in the top quintile had two or more income earners.[10] As a result there was a considerable discrepancy between household and personal income. Recent studies, such as the one conducted by Harvard professor Elizabeth Warren, have shown that the average American household needs two incomes in order to life what is commonly perceived as a middle-class lifestyle.[11] The median income per household member was clocked at $24,672 in 2005. This means that the average Joe earns roughly $32,000 a year, lives in a household with an income of $46,000 with $24,000 of gross annual income per member.[12]
| Data type | Households[13] | Families[14] | Per household member[12] | Persons, all surveyed[15] | Persons, age 25+[16] | Persons, age 25-64[17] | Persons, full-time, age 25-64[18] | Male, full-time, age 25-64[19] | Female, full-time, age 25-64[20] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median (annual gross income) | $46,326 | $56,194 | $24,672 | $28,567 | $32,140 | $32,611 | $39,509 | $43,473 | $33,351 |
SOURCE: US Census Bureau, 2006[20][19][18][17][16][15][14][13][12]
SOURCE: US Census Bureau, 2006[21][22]
The US population seems almost equally divided between those who have and those have not attended college. While only a minority of Americans, 27.6%, have graduated college with a Bachelor's degree or more, a slight majority, 53%, of Americans had "some college" education. As only 36.2% had an Associates degree or more, with only roughly 9% having a graduate degree. On the other end if the strata, 14.8% of persons did not graduate high school.[24] It is fair to assume that the Average Joe/Jane is neither a college graduate nor a high school drop-out. It is, however, difficult to determine whether or not the average American has some college education as the population is split between those who did and did not attend college. Over the past half century the educational attainment of the US population has significantly increased.[6] The income of an individual with some college education was also similar to the overall median personal income. The median personal income for someone with some college education was $31,054, compared to $32,140 for the overall population, age 25 or older with earnings. The median income for a high school graduate, on the other hand, was considerably below the national median personal income estimated at $26,505.[25] Overall, despite a slight decrease in the percentage of high school graduates and significantly slower growth of college graduate, the average American is more educated today than ever before, having graduated high school and likely, though not necessarily attended college.[6]
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"In 2003, over four-fifths (85 percent) of all adults 25 years or older reported they had completed at least high school; over one in four adults (27 percent) had attained at least a bachelor’s degree; both measures are all time highs. In 2003, the percentage of the adult population who had completed high school increased for the first time since 2000, when it was 84 percent."- US Census Bureau, 2003 report on educational attainment. |
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| Year | No high school diploma | High school graduate | Some college | Associates degree | Bachelor's degree | Graduate degree |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005 | 14.8% | 85.2% | 53.0% | 36.2% | 27.6% | 9.5% |
SOURCE: US Census Bureau, 2005[24]
In terms of social class the average American may be referred to as being either a member of the middle[2] or working class.[3][4] The discrepancy is largely the result of differing class models and definitions of what constitutes a member of the middle class. Currently the vast majority of Americans self-identify themselves as middle class, yet some experts in the field such Michael Zweig of NYU Stoney Brook or Dennis Gilbert of Cornell University have brought forth different theories. As most Americans are neither professionals nor managers and lack college degrees the Average American may be described as being a member of the working class.[8][6] As a result, the term middle class may be used to either describe those in the middle of the socio-economic strata or it may only be applied to a quasi-elite of professionals and managers who are well above the middle of that strata.
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"Everyone wants to believe they are middle class. For people on the bottom and the top of the wage scale the phrase connotes a certain Regular Joe cachet. But this eagerness to be part of the group has led the definition to be stretched like a bungee cord"- Dante Chinni, the Christian Science Monitor |
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Occupational autonomy is a key factor in regards to class positions.[26] Professionals and managers who are exclusively labeled as middle class and often as upper middle class, conceptualize, create and consult in their jobs. Due to their great expertise they enjoy a high degree of autonomy in the work place.[4] The American economy, however, does not require a labor force consisting solely of professionals. Instead it requires a greatly diverse and specialized labor force. Thus the majority of Americans complete assigned takes with considerably less autonym and creative freedom than professionals, leading to theory that they may better be described as being members of the "Working class majority." Other sociologists such as William Thompson and Joseph Hickey, whose class model is featured to the right, contend that middle of the social strata is divided between lower middle and working class individuals. Overall, taking into account occupational prestige, autonomy in the workplace, educational attainment and personal income, the average American is either a member of the middle class (middle-middle or lower middle) or working class.[8]
Most Americans today are white collar salaried employees who work in varied environments, from comfortable offices, retail outlets to hospitals. Roughly one quarter, 23.4%, of Americans were employed in the traditional blue collar fields that require hard physical labor with another 14% employed in the service industry.[6] Office administrators or more colloquial, secretaries, were the largest single occupation in the United States. In 2004 there were 4.1 million secretaries with a median income of $34,970, near the national median of $32,000.[27] Overall those employed in office administrative and support, service and sales occupations constituted 38.6% of the labor force. Those employed in business and professional as well as professional support occupations (e.g. nurses) made up 38.0% of the labor force. Combined white collar employees including service workers such as restaurant serves and hotel maids constituted 76.6% of the labor force. If service workers are excluded 62.8% were employed in white collar occupations. Educational attainment varied greatly depending on occupational field with 68% of those in the professional and professional support fields having a Bachelor's degree of higher, compared to only 31.6% of those employed in sales and 11.6% of those in the service sector. Considering the fact that the average American does not have a Bachelor's degree, he or she is most likely employed in the service, sales, and office support fields with many working in the professional support and business fields as well. Overall the American economy and labor force have changed greatly since the middle of the 20th. century with most worker today being employed in office and service occupations.[6]
According to US Department of Commerce data the vast majority, 67% of housing units in the United States were owner occupied, had 3 or fewer bedrooms with 1 or less occupant per room (including kitchen, dining room, living room, etc...) and were mortgaged.[29] The overwhelming majority, 85%, of all housing units had three or fewer bedrooms while 15% of all housing had 4 or more bedrooms. The plurality of housing units, 40%, had three bedrooms. The vast majority, 67%, of housing units were mortgaged with 52% households spending 25% or less of their annual income on mortgage payments. The median value of a housing unit in the US was $167,500 in 2005 with the median mortgage payment being clocked at $1,295. The average size of a household was 2.5 persons with almost all housing units, 97%, having 1 or fewer occupants per room. One should note, however, that the term "room" does not exclusively refer to bedrooms, but includes the kitchen, dining room, family room, bath rooms and any other rooms a house might have. While 85% of American homes had 3 or fewer bedrooms the median number of total rooms per housing units was 5.3 in 2005.[29] Considering these statistics one can conclude that the average American resides in his or her own home, pays roughly $1,000 per month in mortgage payments for a three or less bedroom house with no more than 1 occupant per room.[29]
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- ^ a b c d e f g h Williams, Brian; Stacey C. Sawyer, Carl M. Wahlstrom (2005). Marriages, Families & Intimate Relationships. Boston, MA: Pearson. 0-205-36674-0.
- ^ a b Christian Science Monitor on What is Middle Class. Retrieved on 2006-09-11.
- ^ a b Vanneman, Reeve; Lynn Weber Cannon (1988). The American Perception of Class. New York, NY: Temple University Press. 0877225931.
- ^ a b c Ehrenreich, Barbara (1989). Fear of Falling, The Inner Life of the Middle Class. New York, NY: Harper Collins. 0-06-0973331.
- ^ a b c US Census Bureau, Personal income for all sexes, races in 2005. Retrieved on 2006-11-19.
- ^ a b c d e f g US Census Bureau report on educational attainment in the United States, 2003. Retrieved on 2006-07-31.
- ^ New York Times, Doug Heffernan, the average joe.. Retrieved on 2007-01-11.
- ^ a b c d e Thompson, William; Joseph Hickey (2005). Society in Focus. Boston, MA: Pearson. 0-205-41365-X.
- ^ a b US Census Bureau, median income for total labor force. Retrieved on 2006-12-08.
- ^ US Census Bureau, Income quintiles, income earners per household, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-01-11.
- ^ Middle income can't buy Middle class lifestyle. Retrieved on 2006-01-11.
- ^ a b c US Census Bureau, Household income, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-01-11.
- ^ a b US Census Bureau, households income, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-12-27.
- ^ a b US Census Bureau, family income, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-12-27.
- ^ a b US Census Bureau, personal income for all individuals included in Economic Survey, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-12-27.
- ^ a b US Census Bureau, personal income, age 25+. Retrieved on 2006-12-27.
- ^ a b US Census Bureau, personal income, age 25-64, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-12-27.
- ^ a b US Census Bureau, personal income, full-time, year-round employed, age 25-64, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-12-27.
- ^ a b US Census Bureau, personal income, male, full-time, year-round employed, age 25-64, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-12-27.
- ^ a b US Census Bureau, personal income, female, full-time, year-round employed, age 25-64, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-12-27.
- ^ US Census Bureau, personal income distribution, age 25+, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
- ^ US Census Bureau, overall household income distribution, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-12-28.
- ^ US Census Bureau, Educational Attainment during the 2000 Census. Retrieved on 2006-07-28.
- ^ a b US Census Bureau, 2005, data published on Infoplease.com. Retrieved on 2007-01-12.
- ^ US Census Bureau, Personal income, age 25+, 2006 statistics forum. Retrieved on 2006-01-11.
- ^ Eichar, Douglas (1989). Occupation and Class Consciousness in America. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 0-313-26111-3.
- ^ US Department of Labor, Office administrators in the US. Retrieved on 2007-01-12.
- ^ US Census Bureau, homeownership by race. Retrieved on 2006-10-06.
- ^ a b c US Census Bureau, Housing Charateristics, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-01-14.